the role of the cardiovascular system and important equations
Roles of transportation in the CS?
OXYGEN
HORMONES
NUTRIENTS
WASTE REMOVAL
1-What is the umbrella term for abnormality of blood lipids ?
2-What are the 4 terms under ^
-1st Genetic cause of high lipids?
-2nd Lipid issues from diet, disease, or meds.
-3rd General term for high lipids.
-4th Specifically high cholesterol in the blood
UMBREALLA TERM= dyslipidemia
Primary Dyslipidemia: Genetic cause of high lipids.
Secondary Dyslipidemia: Lipid issues from diet, disease, or meds.
Hyperlipidemia: General term for high lipids.
Hypercholesterolemia: Specifically high cholesterol in the blood
What is an enzyme that regulates the final step in cholesterol synthesis?
(the last step in creating LDL or HDL)
HMG-CoA reductase
What is the prototype drug for Cholesterol absorption inhibitors- A medication that prevents cholesterol from being absorbed in the intestines?
What are the nursing considerations for this drug?
Ezetimibe
- Monitor for nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort.
Hormone from the adrenal cortex that makes your kidneys hold onto salt and water, which increases blood volume and is one of the first steps in raising blood pressure in the rising process?
Aldosterone
Roles of protection in the CS?
IMMUNE
COAGULATION- blood clotting
What are substances that are made in the liver from cholesterol. They’re stored in the gallbladder and help break down fats when we eat?
Bile acids
1-What is a type of lipid that has a phosphate group and forms the basic structure of cell membranes? (form the bilayer of every cell membrane )
2- What is a type of lipid made of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone, used primarily for energy storage?
** Cholesterol, Phospholipid, Triglycerides are all lipids
Phospholipid.
Triglycerides
A PCSK9 medication that helps the liver remove more LDL (“bad cholesterol”) from the blood. PROTOTYPE?
Evolocumab (repatha)
Peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone and ADH release.
Angiotensin = the inactive form (angiotensinogen) from the liver.
**Angiotensin I = first cut by renin, still mostly inactive.
**Angiotensin II = active hormone that raises BP by vasoconstriction and triggering aldosterone & ADH.
what is the role of homeostasis in the CS?
FLUID BALANCE
PH BALANCE
TEMP CONTROL
What is a lipid that is used by the body to build cell membranes, produce hormones, make vitamin D, and form bile for fat digestion?
Cholesterol
What is a condition defined by having a cluster of risk factors—such as insulin resistance, abnormal obesity, low HDL, high triglycerides, hypertension, and a pro-inflammatory state, all of which increase the risk of heart disease and diabetes?
Metabolic syndrome
**metabolic refers to those overall energy and fat processing pathways that, when disrupted, affect cholesterol levels.
What are the third FIBRATE drugs used to lower triglycerides ?
1-
2-For patients with high risk of pancreatitis?
3-caution with this medication in those who take anticoagulants?
**Do not pair with statins
-Fenofibrate (tricor and others)
-Gemfibrozil (lopid)
-Fenofibric acid (Triplipix)
Hormone released from the posterior pituitary that tells the kidneys to keep water, helping maintain blood pressure and fluid levels.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What equation = blood pressure depends on how much blood the heart pumps and how tight the vessels are?
BP=coXsvr
What is a type of lipoprotein that helps remove cholesterol from the arteries and is known as ‘good cholesterol?
high density lipoprotein (HDL)
--- is plaque buildup in the arteries, which leads too -----, which is when arteries become narrow and stiff bc of plaque, which leads too ----,---,----,----.
** ---- =fill in the blank
Dyslipidemia
Atherosclerosis
CAD(coronary arterial disease), MI(Heart attack), stroke, PAD(peripheral arterial disease)
What are supplements you can take to lower lipid agents?
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Omega fatty acids (icosapent ethyl) (omega 3 ethyl esters)
Area in the medulla that acts as a “control center” to tell the heart to beat faster and blood vessels to tighten, increasing blood pressure.
Cardiovascular center
What equation = the amount of blood pumped depends on how fast the heart beats and how much blood it pumps each beat?
cardiac output (CO) = heart rate (HR) X stroke volume (SV)
CO= hr X sv
What is a type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol to cells and can contribute to plaque buildup in arteries, known as bad cholesterol?
High density lipoprotein (LDL)
-what is the prototype drug for elevated serum cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolemia?
-what are the adverse effects?
-Cholestyramine (prevaile)
-MOSTLY GI EFECTS - rash, headache, anxiety, vertigo, dizziness, constipation, hemorrhoids, cramps, nausea, vitamin deficiencies (A,D,E,K) -MOST IMPORTANT IS K
What are things caused by chronic hypertension?
Atherosclerosis → arteries get stiff/narrow → more heart problems
Left ventricular hypertrophy → heart failure → heart works harder to pump
Vascular dementia, TIA, strokes → brain blood vessels affected
Chronic kidney disease → kidneys strained by high pressure
Hypertensive retinopathy → damage to eyes
Peripheral arterial disease → poor blood flow to legs/arms
The resistance blood faces as it flows through blood vessels; tighter vessels make blood pressure higher.
Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)