Randos 😩
What are the equations for cardiac output and mean arterial pressure
CO = HR x SV
MAP = CO x SVR
What are the 4 valves of the heart (in order of blood flow) and where would you find each
Tricuspid (right atrium -> right ventricle)
Pulmonary (right ventricle -> pulmonary artery)
Bicuspid (left atrium -> left ventricle)
Aortic (left ventricle -> aorta)
Describe elastic vs. muscular arteries and give examples of where you'd find each
elastic:
- Large arteries closest to the heart that stretch and recoil
- Eg. aorta, subclavian artery
muscular:
- Deliver blood to body regions and have contracile characteristics
- Eg. Coronary arteries, radial arteries
What is the electrical conducting system in the heart, in order
SA node (pacemaker) -> AV node -> Atrioventricular bundle -> Bundle Branches -> Purkinje fibres
The nucleus of a cardiac muscle fibre is in the ___ part of the cell
centre
What is the Frank-Starling Law
The more the heart muscle is stretched during filling (increased venous return/end-diastolic volume), the stronger it contracts, resulting in a greater stroke volume
↑ preload → ↑ stretch → ↑ contraction force
___% total blood volume -> arterial system
___% total blood volume -> venous system
30-35% total blood volume -> arterial system
65-70% total blood volume -> venous system
What are the 3 types of capillaries and where would you find each
Continuous (eg. skeletal)
Fenestrated (with pores) (eg. kidney)
Discontinuous (eg. liver)
During the plateau phase of a cardiac action potential, __________ enters the cell through slow channels while __________ leaves the cell, resulting in a prolonged depolarization
calcium; potassium
Arteries have thicker/thinner walls, wider/narrower lumens, and have/don't have valves
Veins have thicker/thinner walls, wider/narrower lumens, and have/don't have valves
Arteries have thicker walls, narrower lumens, and don't have valves
Veins have thinner walls, wider lumens, and have valves
___-sided heart failure → Pulmonary edema
___-sided heart failure → Peripheral/systemic edema
left; right
Define each of the following
- Preload
- Contractility
- Afterload
- Preload = Amount of blood filling the ventricle (venous return)
- Contractility = Force of ventricular contraction
- Afterload = Systemic Vascular Resistance (AKA Blood Pressure)
What type of blood vessel controls organ blood flow the most and why
Arterioles
Primary site of resistance
Maintain systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
Maintain MAP (“pressure head”)
The interventricular septum has two parts, called the ___ part and ___ part. The ___ part is the most common site of defects because it is ___
muscular; membranous; membranous; thinner
Match each component with the correct tunic layer:
- Vasa vasorum
- Collagen and elastin matrix
- Endothelium
- Smooth muscle
- Innervations (nerves)
Tunica externa:
- Vasa vasorum
- Innervations (nerves)
Tunica media:
- Collagen and elastin matrix
- Smooth muscle
Tunica intima:
- Endothelium
What do each represent on an ECG
What are the valves doing during isovolumetric contraction and relaxation?
P wave -> atrial depolarization
QRS complex -> ventricular depolarization
T wave -> ventricular repolarization
The valves are all closed
What are the following values between arterial vs. venous blood:
- PO2 mmHg
- PCO2 mmHG
- O2 sat
- pH
arterial:
- PO2 mmHg -> 90-100
- PCO2 mmHG -> 40
- O2 sat -> 97-100
- pH -> 7.4
venous:
- PO2 mmHg -> 40
- PCO2 mmHG -> 46
- O2 sat -> 75
- pH -> 7.37
Describe the pathway of coronary artery and vein circulation
The circle-loop diagram anastomizes what pairs of arteries?
Right coronary artery:
R. marginal artery
Posterior Descending Artery (PDA)
Left coronary artery:
L. Circumflex Artery (LCX)
L. Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)
Right Coronary Artery (RCA) -> Circumflex Artery
Left Anterior Descending (LAD) -> Posterior Descending Artery (PDA)
List two differences between the action potential of a cardiac contractile cell and a skeletal muscle cell
Cardiac action potential has a plateau and a much longer refractory period
Describe the layers from inside the heart to the outside (hint: what is the cavity and where is it located)
endocardium -> myocardium -> visceral serous pericardium (epi) -> pericardial cavity -> parietal serous pericardium -> fibrous pericardium
Indicate whether each component impact heart rate OR stroke volume, and whether it would increase or decrease:
- Preload
- Contractility
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Venous return
- Afterload
- Catecholamines
- Preload -> increases SV
- Contractility -> increases SV
- Parasympathetic Nervous System -> decreases HR
- Venous return -> increases HR
- Afterload -> decreases SV
- Catecholamines -> increases HR
Define filtration vs. absorption, and describe the forces that contribute to both (hint: 2 each)
Filtration = Moves fluid out of capillary
Absorption = Moves fluid out of tissues
The anterior intercostal arteries arise from the __________ thoracic artery and supply the anterior portions of the intercostal spaces.
The azygos vein ascends on the __________ side of the vertebral column and drains into the __________ vena cava.
internal; right; superior
Which of the following structures lie in the coronary sulcus:
A. Left anterior descending interventricular artery, marginal artery
B. Great cardiac vein, circumflex artery
C. Middle cardiac vein, right coronary artery
D. Anterior cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein
E. Small cardiac vein, posterior descending interventricular artery
B. Great cardiac vein, circumflex artery
In cardiac muscle, intercalated discs have gap junctions in the ___ portion and fascia adherens in the ___. These discs are used for __, where ___ serve to conduct electrical synapses between cells. ___ also offer mechanical strength. There is ___ regenerative capacity for cardiac muscle
lateral; transverse; synchronized contractions; Gap junctions; desmosomes; little