Heart Anatomy
What are the upper chambers of the heart called?
Atria
Which vessel returns oxygen-poor blood from the body to the heart?
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
What is the heart's natural pacemaker?
SA Node
What is a normal blood pressure?
120/80 mmHg
What does S1 ("lub") represent?
Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves.
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood to the body?
Left ventricle
Which artery carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?
Pulmonary artery
Which node delays the electrical impulse to allow ventricular filling?
AV Node
What does MAP stand for?
Mean Arterial Pressure
Which heart sound may indicate heart failure in older adults?
S3
What structure separates the right and left sides of the heart?
Septum
Which vessels return oxygenated blood from the lungs?
Pulmonary veins
Which ECG wave represents atrial depolarization?
P Wave
Which nervous system increases heart rate during stress?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Which laboratory test is most specific for myocardial injury?
Troponin
What protective sac surrounds the heart?
Pericardium
What is the largest artery in the body?
Aorta
Which ECG component represents ventricular depolarization?
QRS Complex
What receptors monitor blood pressure changes?
Baroreceptors
What diagnostic test uses ultrasound to visualize the heart?
Echocardiogram (2D Echo)
Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?
Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve
Name the pathway of blood flow after leaving the left ventricle.
Aortic valve → Aorta → Body tissues
Place these in order: Bundle of His, AV Node, SA Node, Purkinje Fibers.
SA Node → AV Node → Bundle of His → Purkinje Fibers.
What is afterload?
The resistance the heart must overcome to pump blood into the arteries.
What abnormal neck vein finding may indicate right-sided heart failure or fluid overload?
Jugular Venous Distention (JVD)