Etiology
What is the most common cause of an MI?
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerotic disease of the arteries of the lower extremities is known as?
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
What is suspected with a patient presenting with dilated visible veins, telangiectasis, swelling, discoloration, and venous stasis ulcers in the lower extremities?
Varicose Veins
Which rhythm appears on EKG as irregularly irregular and if untreated is a common source of emboli?
Atrial Fibrillation
Name the 4 main classes of anti-hypertensives:
2) Calcium Channel Blockers
3) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
4) Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
What is the most common pathogen associated with tricuspid endocarditis in an IVDU?
Staphylococcus aureus
Which cardiomyopathy is classically follows a catecholamine surge during physical or emotional stress, microvascular dysfunction, and coronary artery syndrome?
Stress (Takotsubo) Cardiomyopathy
A 17 year old male presents with dyspnea and angina. Upon auscultation, a harsh systolic murmur is noted at the left sternal border. This murmur increases in intensity with valsalva. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
In a patient with suspected heart failure, what is the best diagnostic tool for assessing ejection fraction?
Echocardiogram
A patient presents with palpitations, dizziness, fatigue, dyspnea, and chest pain. An EKG reading appears as polymorphic ventricular tachycardia also known as Torsades de Pointes. What is the first line treatment for this presentation?
IV Magnesium Sulfate
Which cardiomyopathy is associated most with infiltrative diseases such as amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy?
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCMP)
The most common site of DVT formation is in the calf. Common presentation of this include unilateral swelling and edema in the lower extremity. What is Virchow's Triad?
Stasis of blood flow. Endothelial injury. Hyper-coagulability.
A patient presents with sudden onset of pleuritic chest pain that is sharp and worse with inspiration. He also states that the pain is worse when supine and improves when leaning forward. Physical exam is notable for pericardial friction rub. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Acute Pericarditis
A 82 year old female diagnosed with asymptomatic atrial fibrillation. She has a PMHx of TIA, HTN, PAD. What is her CHADSVASC2 score?
7
What are the STEMI protocol goals in terms of EKG? Thrombolytics? Door to PCI?
EKG = within 10 minutes.
Thrombolytics = within 30 minutes
Door to PCI = 90 minutes
Secondary hypertension is due to an underlying, often correctable cause. What does the acronym OCRAP3 stand for?
O: Obstructive Sleep apnea
C: Cushing Disease
R: Renal Artery Stenosis
A: Aortic Coarctation
P: Pheochromocytoma
Hyper 3: hyperthyroid, hyperaldosteronism, hyperparathyroidism
Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease. What are the 4 anatomic features of this disorder?
1) RV outflow obstruction
2) Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)
3) Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
4) Overriding Aorta
What is classically described as sudden onset of severe, tearing chest pain that radiates to the back?
Aortic Dissection
What is diagnostic tool is used to make a definitive diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis?
Temporal biopsy
Physical exam of a premature infant reveals a continuous machinery-like murmur is heard loudest in the pulmonic area. What medication may be administered to promote closure of this defect?
Indomethacin
Massive pulmonary embolism, pericardial tamponade, tension pneumothorax, and aortic dissection are all causes of what type of shock?
Obstructive Shock
Which heart murmur is caused by back flow from the left ventricle into the left atrium, causing left ventricle overload and thus decreased cardiac output. It is described as a blowing holosystolic murmur heard at the apex.
Mitral regurgitation
Beck's Triad is associated with _______. What are its components?
Cardiac Tamponade. Muffled heart sounds, increased JVP, systemic hypotension.
On EKG, diffuse ST elevations in the precordial leads with associated PR depressions is indicative of which pathology?
Acute Pericarditis
What does MONA-B stand for in regards to the initial treatment of a STEMI?
Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin, Beta-blockers