ANATOMY
name three layers of the heart walls from innermost to outermost
1 Endocardium
2 Myocardium
3 Epicardium
What does ECG stand for?
Electrocardiogram
Is chest pain a sign or symptom
Symptom
What is the difference between arteries, veins and capillaries
Arteries- carry oxygenated blood away from the hear to the body’s tissues and the organs.
Veins- return deoxygenated blood back to the heart and lungs for re-oxygenation.
Capillaries- smallest blood vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waster products occur between the blood and the body’s cells.
What does an ECG do?
Records the electrical activity of the heart. This test help identify abnormal heart rhythms and other electrical irregularities.
Name me three signs and symptoms
Chest pain, dyspnea, palpitations.
What’s included in the conduction system of the heart
1. Sinoatrial node (SA nodes)
2. Atrioventricular node (AV nodes)
3. Bundle of His, Bundle branches, Purkinje Fibres
Name the waves of the heart
PQRST
PR interval, PR segment, QRS complex, ST segment, QT interval
Name three groups that are Asymptomatic of chest pain
Female elderly diabetics
What are two types of heart failure based on pumping activity?
1. Reduced ejection fraction (also known as systolic failure)
2. Preserved ejection fraction (also known as diastolic failure)
Name the four valves of the heart and location.
1. Pulmonary valve - situated at the exit of the right ventricle leading into the pulmonary artery
2. Tricuspid valve - positioned between the right atrium and right ventricle
3. Mitral valve - positioned between the left atrium and left ventricle
4. Aortic valve - situated at the exit of the left ventricle leading into the aorta.
Name 4 abnormalities seen in ECG.
1. Atrial fibrillation
2. Ventricular tachycardia
3. Ventricular fibrillation4. Third-degree block
risk factors
Smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, age, family history.
What is the electrical signal pathway of the heart
The SA node generates electrical signal that causes the atria to contract pushing blood into the ventricles. the signal then moves to the AV node which delays it slightly before passing it to the Bundle of His. The signal travels through the Right and Left bundle branches and then to the Purkinje Fibres causing the ventricles to contract and pump the blood through the lungs and the rest of the body.
What are the shockable rhythms?
1. Ventricular fibrillation
2. Pulseless ventricular tachycardia
Explain the difference between the different types of heart failures
1. Systolic failure occurs when the heart muscles have weakened and can no longer pump sufficient blood to the body
2. Diastolic failure occurs even though the heart muscle is strong, the tissue becomes stiffer than a healthy heart reducing its ability to expand sufficiently and fill it with enough blood after contraction.