The increasing presence of what in urine indicates a worsening kidney function?
Protein
100
If the renal disease in a person is affecting their glomerulus, what recommendations would you make regard sodium intake?
Reduce intake
100
What should you be assessing in a patient with Chronic Renal Failure?
vital signs, labs value, and ins/outs
100
This helps carry medications through the blood.
Albumin
100
Why are NSAIDs contraindicated?
Inhibit prostaglandins which are needed to maintain blood flow through the kidneys.
200
What are the two key lab values that show kidney function?
Serum creatinine and BUN
200
Maintaining adequate ____________ intake is important to maintain energy levels and prevent the breakdown of proteins to compensate and maintain energy levels.
caloric
200
The main goal of treatment is?
Maintain blood flow and adequate urine output.
200
The function unit of the kidney is what?
Nephron
200
These HTN medications are contraindicated with renal insufficiency.
Ace-inhibitors
300
Creatinine clearance of 30-50ml per minutes indicates what?
Moderate renal failure
300
Bran, dried herbs (especially coriander), pumpkin seeds, brazil nuts, and squash seeds contain which mineral that may need to be reduced in the diet of someone with renal insufficiencies.
magnesium
300
Main cause of acute renal failure is?
Hypoperfusion
300
What are the primary functions of the kidneys?
To regulate fluid balance, electrolyte composition, and acid-base balance.
300
What should be given to quickly reduce potassium levels in a patient?
IV glucose and insulin.
*Insulin causes K+ to be taken up by the cells again.
400
What would you need to take into consideration with a muscular patient and their serum creatinine levels?
It would be elevated.
400
In advanced renal disease, why should protein be decreased?
The breakdown of proteins creates nitrogenous waste and increases BUN levels resulting in more symptoms.
*Caution must be taken to ensure there is still adequate protein intake to prevent muscle wasting and malnutrition.
400
PTH levels in your patient have been increasing. What is this a response to?
Decreased serum calcium
400
The most important molecule reabsorbed in the tubule is?
Water
400
A drug that has __________ has an increased risk for toxicity in cases of renal insufficiency.
active metabolites.
500
Small losses of what greatly disrupts the acid-base balance?
Bicarbonate
500
You notice your patient’s calcium levels are a little low. What non-pharmacological action can you take to improve calcium levels?
Reduce the phosphate in their diet.
500
What type of vitamin needs to be given as a supplement because dietary intake would not produce enough?
Activated vitamin D: Calcitrol
500
This is where hydrogen ions and bicarbonate are exchanged, helping to maintain the body’s pH levels.
Proximal tubules
500
Your patient is starting to have difficulties walking and is constantly asking you to speak louder. What type of medications could cause these symptoms?