Parenting approaches
Give an example of how parenting might differ between individualist and collectivist cultures?
Developmental trajectory
Communication
Collective problem solving: division of labor vs. shared engagement
Parents helping children
The most effective parenting style -- that is, the one that is associated with the best child outcomes -- is:
Authoritative
Sandra touches the stove and burns her hand even though her mother has told her not to. This is an example of a:
natural consequence
Parents are in charge of socialization. What does this mean?
Parents prepare their children to become contributing members of society. They provide them with the skills and values that they will need.
How do Attachment theorists and Behaviorists differ in their response to a crying baby?
Attachment - critical to be responsive to the baby and meet his/her needs; go to crying baby and provide nurture and support;
Behaviorists - you are reinforcing the behavior by responding
Name one way in which time-outs can be ineffective or concerning:
Over-used
Child’s bedroom
Too long
Threat
Unsupervised
Good parenting should consist of a balance of _________ and __________.
Structure; Nurture
Name one common and normal conflict that occurs between parents and children.
Socialization issues
Relationship concerns
Gaining compliance from the child
How does spanking connect with historical attitudes?
Colonial/Puritanical America: children need to be spanked to be corrected. Children are inherently sinful and willful.
Give an example of what a parent might scaffold (Vytogksy) for his/her child.
walking, reading, math problems, conflict resolution, etc.
But be specific!
What is the difference between punishment and reinforcement?
Reinforcement: increases likelihood that a behavior will occur; Punishment: decreases likelihood of behavior
When a parent explains the consequences of the child's actions to him/her, this is called:
Induction
How might a parent respond to a child whose underlying goal of misbehavior is power?
Elicit child’s help in different tasks; grant them power/control in circumstances that are appropriate
Children have always learned from watching others - adults and children. What theory describes this phenomenon?
Social learning theory
What is the concept of homeostasis (Family Systems Theory)?
The desired balance between consistency and adaptability to change.
Allowing your child to skip a week of chores because they helped their grandparents work on their house over the weekend is an example of:
Negative Reinforcement
What is the difference between encouragement and praise?
Which is more effective?
Praise focuses on the parent's feelings; encouragement focuses on the child's feelings.
Encouragement
Manny's dad oftentimes yells at him when he makes mistakes. He doesn't listen to Manny's explanation of the circumstances. Manny's dad's parenting style is most likely: _____________.
According to the punishment/reinforcement chart, Manny's dad is using _____________.
Authoritarian
Positive punishment
Parenting used to be primarily unidirectional. Which of Baumrind's parenting styles still remains largely unidirectional?
Authoritarian
In which of Bronfenbrenner's systems are parents?
How do the other systems relate to parenting? Give two examples.
Microsystem
How involved parents are in their child's school or with their friends (mesosystem)
Their work conditions/schedule/pay (exosystem)
The neighborhood that they live in and the resources and support available to them (ecosystem)
The laws and values of the country they live in (macrosystem) - Be specific.
Describe one way in which a parent might create an atmosphere of psychological safety (Briggs) for his/her child.
´Give children focused attention
´Gain children’s trust by meeting their needs and:
´Keeping promises to them
´Not being afraid to apologize or say “no”
´Having humor in the parent-child relationship
Name one key component of PET and give an example.
Problem ownership
I-message
Active listening
Conflict resolution
Paulina's mom feels hurt and sad after Paulina's behavior. This is most likely reflects which goal of misbehavior?
Revenge
Name and describe one of the influences on parenting perceived roles and styles.
1.Family-of-origin influence: modeling from our own childhood experiences
2.Sociocultural influences: social class, education, peer values
3.Bidirectional influences: how children impact parental behavior & vice versa
4.Developmental time: parent’s approach consistent with child’s development
5.Personality/temperament: Parent and child’s unique factors
6.Family structure: family composition and membership
How does Cognitive Learning Theory (Bruner) differ from Cognitive Theory (Piaget) in relation to parent-child relations?
CLT/Bruner: child can learn anything at any stage depending on how the information is presented; Piaget/CT: child goes through stages in which they can handle certain information- it's about how mature they are, not how the information is presented