EP
True or false: The right atrium has two entry/exit vessels for blood.
False: The right atrium has three entry/exit points for blood. The SVC, IVC and coronary sinus.
True or false: Implanting a dual chamber pacemaker in a patient with permanent atrial fibrillation is standard practice.
False
80% of patients are RCA dominant. What determines dominance of a coronary system?
The right coronary artery always comes off of the right coronary cusp.
False! Some patients will have an anomalous RCA!
A patient is allergic to penicillin and cephalosporins. What is an alternative antibiotic commonly used for these patients for surgical prophylaxis?
Vancomycin
The decapolar catheter is situated in which anatomical structure of the heart?
Coronary sinus
Is AV Wenkebach second degree HB type 1 or type 2?
Type 1
What is the most common mechanism of thrombus formation?
Plaque rupture
What is the usual rate for rapid pacing during TAVI?
160-180bpm
What two places are beta-1 receptors located in the body?
The heart and kidneys
What are the four characteristics of cardiac cells?
Automaticity
Conductivity
Excitability
Contractility
Does a patient in complete heart block require a single or dual chamber PPM?
Dual
What is the positive value for IMR?
IMR: >25
What is the name of the structure that supports the cusps of the tricuspid and mitral valves?
Papillary muscles
What is the dose for IM Adrenaline in anaphylaxis?
500mcg
The period immediately following the firing of a cardiac cell when it cannot be stimulated, no matter how great the stimulus is called...?
The absolute refractory period
What is the name of the functional classification system used to measure heart failure severity?
New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification system
What does MINOCA stand for?
Myocardial infarction non-obstructive coronary arteries
Pulmonary hypertension is commonly seen in patients with:
A. PFO
B. ASD
ASD
This drug alters the automatic tone of the AV node.
Isoprenaline
This interval is a measurement of conduction time from the low right atrium through the AV node to the His bundle.
AH interval
What are the requirements for a patient to receive a CRT device?
Patients with symptomatic heart failure, QRS > 150ms, EF < 35%, LBBB morphology on ECG
Which condition is associated with the pathognomonic findings of interventricular interdependence and the square root sign?
Constrictive pericarditis
When doing an orientation check for the TAVI valve, which way should the skirt be facing?
Skirt to ventricle, open cells to aorta.
This drug is a class I anti-arrhythmic that prolongs the refractory period of the heart. It is commonly used for the treatment of AF and prevention of SVT's.
Flecainide