Ingredients
What substrates are used for energy?
Carbohydrates - starch, fiber
Lipids
Amino acids
Different oil seed meals
Soybean meals
Canola meal
Feeding management during gestation of dogs and cats?
Dogs = no increase in food required until 5 weeks, provide several small meals, may refuse food 12 hours prior to whelping
Cats = increased food intake after 2nd week of gestation, avoid excessive weight gain
Why is obesity considered such a problem?
Overweight and obesity generally reduce the quality of life and longevity - increases the risk of some cancers, joint/ mobility issues, general reduced activity
Regulation of Canadian pet food
Contrary to the US where pet foods are regulated by the FDA the same way that animal feed is regulated
There are no specific organizations in Canada that regulate food
What ingredient do you need to make a complete animal diet?
Energy ingredients - grains, fats and oil, byproducts, others
Essential fatty acids - Vegetable oils containing linoleic, linolenic acids for dogs, plus animal fats containing arachidonic acid for cats
Protein ingredients = Plant seeds, animal byproducts, synthetic amino acids
Vitamins and minerals - Ca and P, vitamin and mineral premixes
What are 3 examples of mycotoxins?
Aflatoxin
Deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin)
Melamine
Feeding during lactation includes?
Calories and water are most important
Requirements for lactation depend upon - nutritional status, litter size, stage of lactation
Dietary management of urolithaiasis in cats and dogs
Lower urinary tract disorder characterized by the presence of urinary crystals within the bladder or lower urinary tract
Usually either struvite or calcium oxide used
What does the Canadian food inspection agency do?
Regulates pet food imports & related products to prevent animal disease from being introduced into canada
Rice in pet foods
Humans consume more rice than any other crop
Broken grains used for pet foods
Low protein 9% and fat 2%, 80% starch
widely used in pet foods because of low allergenicity
What are the nutrient requirements during growth for dogs and cat
Protein = Required for maintenance plus new tissue, higher protein levels, and higher quality & highly digestible
Calcium and Phosphorus = need to be optimal not excessive
What to do with feed during weaning?
Limited feeding for a few days prior to weaning
Restrict feed on the day of weaning, then gradually re-introduce
continue to feed the lactation diet for ~3 weeks post-weaning to allow body condition to be restored
Clinical signs of uroliathiasis in dogs and cats
Frequent urination, Inappropriate urinating, hematuria, licking of urogenital region, dribbling of urine, depression, anorexia, vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration
What needs to be on a label?
Manufacturer, name of feed, weight, intended animal, guaranteed analysis, ingredients, directions for feeding, date manufactured
Alternative energy sources to replace grains are
Sweet potato, tapioca, potato, cassava
to reduce allergenicity to grains
When should pups start solid food
Solid food should start between 3-5 weeks of age
Mix with water to gruel consistency and gradually increase
Solid food 100% and about 42 days of age
Why is colostrum so important
Similar to livestock, little passive immunity obtained in utero
therefore antibody supply from the colostrum is essential
Immune system not fulling developed ~16 weeks of age
Diurnal rhythms: drinking patterns
Dogs drink more water than cats
cats are desert animals
Dogs drink during the day; cats drink during both light and dark periods
No correlation between drinking and eating
Who must approve ingredient?
AAFCO
Types of protein ingredients
Animal proteins, Marine proteins, seeds from plants, fermentation products, brewery and distillery products, amino acids
Are special diets required during lactation and pregnancy?
When possible should transition to a highly digestible food that is adequate for pregnancy and lactation ~2 weeks prior to breeding
Feeding a nutrient dense food allows the increased requirements to be met without an increase in intake
nurse 4-6 times per day, eyes open 10-16 days postpartum, ears functional 15-17 days
Diurnal rhythms; feeding patterns
No clearly defined circadian rhythms
Dogs eat fewer, larger, and more variable size meals than cats
prey availability will change depending on the time of the day of hunting
Cats = 12-20 meals / day in light and dark periods
Dogs = 4-8 meals/day in light periods, some breeds at night
What are we gonna do to this exam???
CRUSHHHHHH ITTTTTTT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!