In causal-comparative research design, the independent variable is not manipulated as it is in this method
What is the experimental method
100
This type of validity is more important in causal comparative studies
What is external validity
100
In causal-comparative studies there is no attempt to establish this
What is causation
100
In the Wolfle article, developmental status, age and ethnicity are
What are independent variables
100
______% of developmental students never attempted a college-level mathematics course.
What is 72
200
Causal-comparative studies typically make use of this kind of independent variable
What is nominal or continuous
200
The extent to which there is a causal link between the independent and dependent variables is known as this
What is internal validity
200
Causal-comparative studies are useful when examining differences among intact groups when this is not possible
What is experimental manipulation
200
In the Wolfle article, success in college-level mathematics courses and persistence are?
What are dependent variables.
200
_______________status of students is not a significant factor in either success in the first college-level mathematics course or fall-to-fall persistence.
What is developmental.
300
Causal-comparative research is also called by this Latin name
What is ex post facto
300
This is established based on the degree to which the sample represents the larger population from which it was drawn
What is external validity
300
In causal-comparative studies, gender, race, disability status, and educational level are examples of this type of independent variable
What is and status or demographic
300
The final sample size for the Wolfle article was?
What is n = 756 students
300
A__________-age student is 1.36 times as likely to succeed (in college-level math) as a ________-age student.
What is nontraditional and traditional
400
Causal-comparative research designs generally use this type of groups to explore differences among the groups on dependent variables
What is pre-existing, in-tact, or derived
400
The results of causal-comparative studies have little value if they do not reflect the broader population from which the sample is drawn because they lack this
What is internal validity
400
Causal-comparative research provides a framework for studying group differences when this is not the primary focus of the research
What is causation
400
To analyze his data Wolfle used what kind of statistics?
What is inferential statistics
400
__________-age college students and ________ students find lower success in college-level mathematics than do older and white students.
What is traditional and minority (or non-white)
500
Independent variables in causal-comparative studies generally consist of this type of characteristic
What is demographic or status
500
Causal-comparative studies are useful for establishing differences between sets of these
What is independent variables
500
This type of sampling can be used to study a known trait within the independent variable
What is purposive sampling
500
Had Wolfle used descriptive statistics he could not have shown ______ in his study
What is significance
500
____________ and developmental students persisted at statistically similar rates.