Pragmatics
This refers to the study of meaning in context.
Pragmatics
The location "out there" in which we encounter words and phrases.
Physical context
In pragmatics, this involves the way speakers use language to enable listeners to identify something.
Reference
This refers to assumptions that are taken forgranted.
Presupposition
Which of the following is an example of positive politeness?
A) Ignoring a person's statement
B) Complimenting someone to build rapport
C) Interrupting someone during a conversation
D) Using formal titles when addressing someone
B) Complimenting someone to build rapport
This refers to the study of meaning.
Semantics
This refers to the surrounding words around a specific word that helps us understand what is meant.
Co-text
In pragmatics, this refers to the process by which listeners derive additional meaning from an utterance based on context, background knowledge, and the speaker’s intentions.
inference
Give a presupposition for this sentence:
"Mike went home with his brother."
"Mike has a brother."
"Mike has a home."
Negative politeness strategies are used primarily to:
A) Minimize imposition on the listener
B) Show friendliness and familiarity
C) Establish dominance in a conversation
D) Express agreement with the listener
A) Minimize imposition on the listener
(Negative politeness strategies aim to be respectful and minimize imposition.)
This refers to the dictionary meaning of a word.
Denotative meaning
This refers to the phenomenon where the meaning of certain words and phrases depends on the context in which they are used.
deixis
This refers to the use of expressions whose interpretation depends on another expression previously mentioned in the discourse.
Anaphora
Give a presupposition for this sentence:
"The victim was shot twice, but the gun was never found."
"The victim was shot with a gun."
Which situation best reflects the use of negative politeness? A) "Would you mind closing the window?"
B) "You look amazing today!"
C) "Pass me the salt."
D) "Let's hang out later."
A) "Would you mind closing the window?"
(This is a classic example of negative politeness, using indirectness to minimize imposition.)
This refers to the dictionary meaning of a word.
Connotative meaning
Refers to the participants in the conversation, such as the speaker and the addressee.
Person Deixis
This refers to the first mention of a word in a given context.
Antecedent
John says to his colleague, "I need to reschedule my meeting with the manager."
Which of the following presuppositions can be inferred from John's statement?
A) John doesn’t have a meeting with the manager.
B) John has already scheduled a meeting with the manager.
C) The manager is not available for meetings.
D) John does not work with a manager.
B) John has already scheduled a meeting with the manager.
Which of the following sentences demonstrates a face-threatening act (FTA)? A) "Could you please help me with this report?"
B) "I think you made a mistake in your calculations."
C) "It would be nice to see you sometime."
D) "You’re probably the best person for this job."
B) "I think you made a mistake in your calculations."
(This is an FTA because it threatens the listener's positive face by pointing out an error.)
This is the case in which we interpret the words in a specific situation.
Context
Indicates the location relative to the speaker or listener.
Spatial Deixis
In pragmatics, this involves the way speakers use language to enable listeners to identify something.
Reference
Give a presupposition for this sentence:
"The rain stopped."
"There was rain"
"It rains."
What is a key distinction between positive and negative politeness?
A) Positive politeness is used to protect the speaker, while negative politeness is used to protect the listener.
B) Positive politeness seeks to enhance social bonds, while negative politeness seeks to avoid imposition.
C) Positive politeness uses formal language, while negative politeness uses casual language.
D) Positive politeness focuses on addressing strangers, while negative politeness focuses on addressing friends.
B) Positive politeness seeks to enhance social bonds, while negative politeness seeks to avoid imposition.
(Positive politeness focuses on closeness and friendliness, while negative politeness focuses on minimizing imposition.)