Species Isolation
What is Ecological Isolation?
species occur in same region, but occupy different habitats so rarely encounter each other
What are Homologous Structures?
Parts with similar basic structure but may vary in function
In a population of fish, scale color is either pink or blue. Pink scaled Fish that breed sometimes have pink babies, and sometimes have blue babies. However, blue fish always have blue babies.
Given that 84% of all fish are pink, find the % that have heterozygous genotypes, assuming Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is in effect.
Relevant equations: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 and p + q = 1
.48%
What is Convergent Evolution?
This is when organisms that aren't closely related evolve similar features or behaviors. (Often offer solutions to the same problems)
Can Individuals evolve?
No.
Temporal Isolation
Species that breed during different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes
What are Vestigal Structures?
Body parts that or useless or left over from a previous ancestor where they were useful
What is the type of Rate of Speciation when there is a steady divergence over long spans of time?
Gradualism
What is divergent evolution?
This is when typically 2 different species having common ancestors develop different traits to adapt to the changing environment.
What is the smallest living unit that can evolve?
A species/population.
Behavioral Isolation
unique behavioral patterns and rituals isolate species
What are Analogous Structures?
Structures that have the same function but have different structures and do not have a common descent.
What is Punctuated Equilibrium?
When the rate of speciation is not constant.
What is Gene Flow?
The transfer of genetic material from one population to another.
What is Reduced Hybrid Vitality?
Genes of the different parent species may interact and impair the hybrid's development
Mechanical Isolation
Morphological differences can prevent successful mating
How did organic molecules come to earth?
By Meteorites
What is the difference between the Founder Effect and the BottleNeck Effect?
Bottleneck effect is when they occur randomly and species are eliminated by chance due to natural weather and Founder effect is when a part of a species is isolated from the main group into a new area.
What is genetic drift?
The change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance.
What are the rates of Speciation?
Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium
Gametic Isolation
Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species
What is the RNA world hypothesis?
Nucleotides first became RNA, not DNA
RNA eventually grew faster then it degraded, and gained ability to replicate.
More successful RNA thrived, eventually leading to creation of proteins and DNA.
Which one is the Red Kangaroo more closely related to? The Western Gorilla or the Platypus?
Western Gorilla
Small rat often die because their bodies are easily caught by predators and big rats often live due to their bigger size. The middle sized rats also still get eaten. What type of Selection is this?
Directiona;
What is Hybrid Breakdown?
hybrids may be fertile and viable in first generation, but when they mate offspring are feeble or sterile