Membrane Structure and Function
Diffusion across a membrane with the assistance of a protein that does not require ATP
What is facilitated diffusion?
The molecule responsible for the initiation of receptor's response
What is a ligand?
A sequence of changes in a series of molecules that results in a cellular reponse
What is signal transduction?
this type of bond joins two amino acids
what is a peptide bond?
The mitotic phase in which sister chromatids separate and migrate toward opposite poles
What is anaphase?
A solution where solute concentration is greater than inside the cell and the cell loses water
What is a hypertonic solution?
The process that a RTK is able to do in order for it to self activate
What is autophosphorolation?
The step in cell communication in which relay molecules/ second messengers respond to signals
The protein responsible for the joining of DNA fragments during replication
What is ligase?
The protein complex responsible for holding together sister chromatids
What is Cohesin?
Channel proteins that open/close due to a stimulus
What are ligand-gated ion channels?
A cell surface receptor that exists independently as a monomer and is dimerized when a ligand binds
What is a RTK?
A cell-surface receptor that is activated when a ligand allows a protein to activate an inactive enzyme through the replacement of GDP to GTP
What is a G-protein coupled receptor?
Having too many or too few chromosomes
what is aneuploidy?
The process that increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between two homologous chromosomes
What is crossing over?
Proteins that are fully embedded in the plasma membrane and span the entire membrane
What are integral-transmembrane proteins?
Phosphorylate proteins required for chromosome condensation and nuclear envelope breakdown
What are cyclins
Produced by the hydrolysis of ATP
What is cAMP?
A phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and this make up a nucleotide
what is a pentose sugar?
The voltage created is due to differences in the distribution of these across the membrane
what are positive and negative charges?
These shifts need to happen to the sodium potassium pump in order for it to function properly and keep concentrations at their appropriate levels
What is a conformation and affinity change?
Hormones need to find these intracellular receptors as many of them act as these
What are transcription factors?
In the case of androgen insensitivity, the reason that individuals do not develop male reproductive organs is due to a lack of
What are receptors for testosterone?
This level of protein structure is represented by alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
what is secondary?
This uses ATP and a proton pump to transport against a concentration gradient
what is Cotransport?