There's no EYE in TEAM
This is the thalamic nucleus that receives input from retinal ganglion cells and projects to the primary visual cortex
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
This is the thalamic nucleus that receives input from the brainstem/midbrain and projects to the auditory cortex
medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
What kinds of somatosensory neurons have the least amount of myelination?
Temperature sensing neurons, nociceptors
What cranial nerve processes the sense of smell?
Cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve)
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
Just anterior/rostral to the central sulcus (precentral gyrus)
What substance in photoreceptors change their structure when exposed to light, causing the cells to hyperpolarize?
retinal
Age-related degeneration of the cochlea and auditory nerve is an example of which type of auditory impairment?
sensorineural hearing loss
Which side of the spinal cord processes incoming sensory information?
The dorsal side
What form of stimuli do olfactory receptor cells respond to?
olfactory proteins
What type of neurons become activated when watching another individual perform an action?
Mirror neurons
What part of the eye has a higher concentration of cones than rods?
the fovea
What is the difference between perilymph and endolymph, and why is this important?
Endolymph surrounds stereocilia (scala media), and is high in K+. Perilymph surrounds the body of hair cells (scala tympani) and is high in K+. This provides a driving force from the stereocilia into the body of the hair cells
What kinds of somatosensory cells detect pressure?
Pacinian corpuscles
What structure in the tongue contains taste receptor cells?
Papilla (taste buds on the papilla)
In the initiation of voluntary motion, signals travel from the prefrontal cortex to which structutre?
Basal ganglia
In an on-center receptive field, what effect does light being shined on the center of the field have on bipolar cells ?
The photoreceptor in the center becomes hyperpolarized in the light, releasing less glutamate. Glutamate inhibits bipolar cells, so a reduction in glutamate depolarizes bipolar cells
What enables us to encode different frequencies of sound?
The structure of the cochlea (place code)
The basilar membrane has various thicknesses and rigidities, so different sound vibrations propagate at different distances
Name a substance released by damaged tissue that can trigger a pain response
ATP, Prostaglandin, 5-HT (serotonin), bradykinin, histamine
Define population coding
A set of neurons, rather than a single neuron, respond to specific properties of a stimulus (e.g. specific tastant molecules trigger stronger activity in their corresponding taste cells)
What kinds of motor neurons carry signals from the spinal cord to muscles in the periphery?
Lower motor neurons
What type of cell is the only cell in the retina that fires action potentials?
Retinal Ganglion Cells
How do hair cells encode stimulus intensity?
Higher amplitude of sound - greater fluid movement - more hair cells are activated - increased firing frequency of spiral ganglion neurons - louder sound perceived
Which spinal tract carries somatosensory and proprioceptive information from the periphery to the brain
Dorsal/posterior column medial lemniscus pathway
What thalamic relay nucleus processes olfactory stimuli on their way to the cortex?
TRICK QUESTION!!!
Olfactory stimuli bypass the thalamus and goes straight to olfactory cortex (and associated regions)
What is the main neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction?
acetylcholine