Lecture 1-2
what is consciousness?
an "emergent feature" & awareness of one's own internal and external existence
True or false: A neuron at rest is depolarized
False, the inside of the neuron is more negatively charged than the outside! It is polarized!
Draw out what a node, branch, sister taxa, clade is.
:)
Which of the following best explains the origin of Earth and the role of supernovae?
A) Earth was created directly from the explosion of a supernova, and humans are a direct product of this event.
B) Earth formed from dust and gas left over after a supernova, with humans evolving through biological processes over billions of years.
C) Earth was formed from the Sun's explosion, which also created all living things
D) Supernovae only created the lighter elements, while Earth formed from a different cosmic event.
B) Earth formed from dust and gas left over after a supernova, with humans evolving through biological processes over billions of years.
What is your SI leader's name?
The neuron's membrane potential is maintained by an _____.
A) electrical signal
B) electrochemical gradient
C) equal distribution of ions
D) influx of calcium ions
B) electrochemical gradient
How does genetic variation happen in sexual reproduction?
Independent assortment and crossing
How did the water get on earth?
1. already here from process of accretion
2. brought here by meteor bombardment
3. occured in the giant impact that created the moon
What is responsible for the existence of oxygen in our atmosphere billions of year ago.
the emergence of cyanobacteria during the great oxygenation event. they are bacteria that are able to perform photosynthesis which means they are able to convert CO2 and H2O with the help of sunlight into oxygen. These bacteria supply oxygen to the atmosphere
What is Maggie's favorite drink?
7 leaves - Jasmine Milk Tea
How Biologist define life? (Name all seven processes)
1. homeostasis
2. organization
3. metabolism
4. growth
5. adaptation
6. response to stimuli
7. reproduction
Fill in the missing word: The trait (or gene combinations) that allows an individual to survive and leave more offspring will ____ in _____ in the population ______ ______.
increase, frequency, over generation
What are the three groups of hypotheses on life's origin?
1. membranes first
2. metabolism first
3. RNA first
The fundamental source of genetic variation is ______.
MUTATIONS
*however, sexual reproduction involves "shuffling" genetic materials
Free Space
Free Space
What are the rules of complex systems?
1. Number matters
2. interactions are local, not global
3. the necessity of negative feedback loops
4. the degree of randomness matters
Leo the lion is a diploid organism (2n) and has sperm cells that are haploid cells. These haploid cells cannot further develop and remain in Leo’s testes. Leo is only able to mate via sexual reproduction. After he mates all the generations following him result in lions/lionesses that are all diploid organisms (2n). What life cycle does leo most likely follow?
DIPLOID-DOMINANT LIFE CYCLE
Can we sustain life without reproduction?
need instructions in order to sustain processed over generation and to evolve complexity over time
What is the logic behind alignments and how they are used to infer evolutionary relationship?
alignments give us the ability to quantify changes in DNA sequence / amino acid over time - use to determine relationships
When is your exam date?
Wednesday, January 22nd
1. Basic System - a group of interacting elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole (bicycle)
2. Chaotic Systems - dynamical system that are highly sensitive to initial conditions (weather)
3. Complex Systems - systems with distinct properties that arise from the interactions between parts (life)
Fiona the fungus lives the majority of its life as a haploid gamete organism (n). When fiona the fungus reproduces, it creates haploid gametes (n) via mitosis, which fuses with another haploid gamete, resulting in a diploid zygote (2n). This diploid zygote undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores (n) and these spores go on to reproduce via mitosis and create more haploid cells. These haploid cells grow into more fungus. What type of life cycle does fiona the fungus undergo?
HAPLOID-DOMINANT LIFE CYCLE
How can genes be transferred?
Horizontal Gene Transfer:
1. conjugation - transfer of plasmid between bacterial cells
2. transduction - transfer by virus
3. transformation - uptake from environment
Sarah the sunflower is a diploid sporophyte organism (2n). Sarah’s species is capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction. Through asexual reproduction, Sarah produces haploid (n) spores and develop into gametophytes via meiosis. These haploid gametophytes (n) have the ability to grow on their own and also produce gametes such as the sperm and eggs (n) via mitosis, which sexually combine to reproduce diploid sporophytes. These diploid sporophytes then regrow into more sunflowers. What life cycle does sarah the sunflower most likely follow?
ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS
How are you gonna study for the exam 1?
:D