Functionalism
Durkheim proposed Boundary Maintenace, what does this mean and provide an example?
Reaffirms social norms and values rather than punishing the perpetrator.
Grenfell, Sarah Everard Case.
Who founded Strain theory?
Robert Merton
What 2 grounds does Cohen criticise Merton on?
> Only focusses on individual deviance and not group
> Only focusses on utilitarian crime and not violent.
Moral Entrepreneurs
What is another word for Durkheim's sense of normlessness?
Anomie
According to Durkeim, What two reasons are there as to why is crime found in all societies?
> Not everyone is socialised the same' Inadequate socilisation.
> Complex society has a diversity of lifestyles
What are the two elements did Merton combine to explain Strain theory?
Cultural - Emphasis on the goal more than the means
Structural - Society has an unequal opportunity structure
W/C boys that are frustrated with M/C environment create what to compensate? and explain further.
Alternative Status Hierarchy
Officer's common sense theories and assumptions about delinquent types are also called what?
Typifications.
Gramasci said revolution needs leaders to come forward to promote the masses, what were these called?
Organic Intellectuals
Stonewall Riots and Suffragete movement can be used as examples of what?
Adaption and Change
Explain 3 strain responses to the American Dream with an example.
Conformity - Accept means and goal (Banker)
Innovators - Reject means and accept goal (Drug Dealer)
Ritualist - Reject goal and accept means (Office worker)
Retreatist - Reject goal and means (Drug taker)
Rebellion - Reject goals and mean and create new ones. (Communism)
What are the three deviant subcultures according to Cloward and Ohlin?
Criminal, Conflict and Retreatist.
Interactionists believe offical statistics are a what? and why is this bad?
Explain the 4 strains theories of feminism in detail.
Radical
Liberal
Difference
Marxist
What does Davis & Polsky argue another function of crime is for? Much explanation as possible.
Safety Valve - stops other bigger crimes from taking place.
What research method did Merton use in his work? Who would highlight this as an issue and why?
Official Statistics - Interactionism > Not the full picture and does not consider darker side of statistics.
Subculture theories have been critised for assuming everyone shares the same success goals, otherwise known as what?
Value Consensus
Differences between Primary and Secondary Deviance and where each one leads to.
Primary - Act not labelled
Secondary Deviance - Act labelled - Master Status - Deviant Career.
Structural - Macro, Top down, Deterministic, social structures shape out behaviour and we have no free will - Functionalism/Marxism/Feminism.
Social Action - Micro, Bottom up, Anti-deterministic, we have free will - interactionism.
Provide 3 criticisms of functionalism on crime and deviance.
> How much is ideal? Doesn't explain
> Crime isn't committed with the intention of strengthen norms and values
> Ignores effects on the Victim.
> Crime may actually isolate and ostracize people
Merton only focusses on what type of crime and ignores the roles of what?
Utilitarian crime (money) and Individual deviance
Miller argued that the lower class have their own independent subculture with their own values and norms. These are called what...?
Focal Concerns
Explain three criticisms of Labelling theory
> Gives the perpetrator a victim status
> Deterministic - not all follow their label through
> Individuals actively choose to be deviant
> Without labelling, deviance wouldn't exist
> Doesn't acknowledge the source of power
> Doesn't explain why people commit deviance in the first place
Simulacra - unable to distinguish reality from superficiality.
Metanarrative - grand metanarratives are inadequate now, society is too chaotic.