Red
it is the stage of generating options about what to do about a public problem
What is policy formulation?
They include mandates, inducements, capacity-building, and system change.
What are the 4 categories of policy tools introduced by Richard Elmore?
They are written pronouncements issued by the president when signing a bill into law.
What are signing statements?
"To carry out, accomplish, fulfill, produce, and complete"
What is Pressman and Wildavsky's definition of implementation?
This is the sixth stage of the policy process, which comes after implementation.
What is policy or program evaluation?
In this type of policy, cost is placed on one group for another group to benefit (e.g., welfare policy)
What is redistributive policy?
It is a way to justify policy action by giving it legal force/authorizing it.
What is policy adoption?
Power and socially constructed images are the two determining factors in this theory.
What two factors determine the type of public policy that is formulated for the different target populations?
(Schneider and Ingram's social construction theory)
The target population that has power and a negative socially constructed image.
What is the contender category of target populations?
In this type of policy, cost is placed on one group for the majority to benefit (e.g., airline regulations)
What is regulatory policy?
The target population that has power and a positive socially constructed image.
What is the advantaged category of target populations?
This type of implementation game refers to politicians spending taxpayer money on their constituents primarily to generate political support.
What is pork barreling?
The 4 types include input, process, output, and outcome.
What are 4 types of performance measurements?
The analogy of too many cooks in the kitchen may be used to explain this type of implementation problem.
What is complexity of joint action?
This is the implementation game that involves using up the annual fiscal budget.
What is Eugene Bardach's budget game?
In this type of policy tool, there is a transfer of funds to invest in material, intellectual, or human resources.
What is the capacity-building category of policy tools?
This type of mapping excersie is done for policies that have already formulated (and perhaps even adopted).
What is forward mapping?
The two factors include the amount of factual evidence and the degree of knowledge about the theory of causation.
What are 2 determining factors that Guy Peters identfies in his typology for policy solutions?
This type of performance measurement looks at the amount of money, time, technology, staff, and everything else that went into the policy/program.
What is input measurement?
High factual information and high knowledge of causation lead to this type of policy solution.
What is a routine policy solution as described by Guy Peters?
This type of evaluation involves assessing the outcome at the conclusion of the program.
What is summative evaluation?
Crises, disasters, and catastrophes are the three types discussed by Thomas Birkland.
What are three types of focusing events?
They include easy money, easy life, budget game, and pork barreling.
What are the 4 types of implementation games identified by Eugene Bardach?
Birkland explains it as the substantive area of policy over which participants in policy making compete and compromise, such as environmental or health policy.
What is a policy domain?
They include appraisal, dialogue, formulation assessment, and consolidation.
What are the 4 phases of policy formulation according to Harold Thomas?