Climate Change
The short term state of the atmosphere
What is weather?
Goods that are rival and non-excludable, subject to the tragedy of the commons (endangered wildlife can fit here!)
What is open access?
Inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback loops make up these.
What are production systems?
A highly effective means of conserving water, that if large enough, can also provide irrigation water and generate electricity
What are dams?
GMOs are this type of good.
What is patented knowledge?
Target level by which temperatures should stop increasing to avoid irreversible climate degradation
What is 2 degrees?
These include global nutrition and security, climate change adaptation and mitigation, preserving cultural heritage, and promoting high functioning sustainable ecosystems
What are the societal benefits of biodiversity?
Type of food system that is ideally ecologically sustainable, provide sufficient, nutritious, culturally acceptable food at reasonable costs, generate sufficient surpluses, and allocate costs and benefits justly.
What is an authentic food system?
Type of soil erosion that causes the loss of nutrients and organic matter, salinization, acidification, and soil pollution
What is chemical soil degradation?
Formal land tenure is granted through these.
What are private property rights and/or land titles?
The deliberate adjustments in natural or human systems and behaviors to reduce the risks to people’s lives and livelihoods due to climate change
What is climate change adaptation?
Agreement that allowed the International Union for Conservation or Nature and Natural Resources to prohibit and restrict the trade of endangered animals internationally.
What is the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, or CITES?
The government can influence food systems and supply chains through these.
What are subsidies?
Both water and wind erosion of soil result in this.
What is the loss of topsoil?
New technology/process allowing for more precise gene editing, including opportunities to delete, add, and modify genes.
What is CRISPER-CAS9?
International agreement agreed to in 2015 with goal to limit temperature rise
What is the Paris Climate Agreement?
The conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of the components of biological diversity, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources are the main objectives of this.
What is the Convention on Biological Diversity, or CBD?
These are encouraged through longer supply chains and market economies, and have key values of efficiency, yield, and high profits
What are monocultures?
This approach to rebuilding soil focuses on environmental restoration through minimizing soil disturbance, using organic soil amendments, and increasing/preserving plant diversity
What is conservation agriculture?
Investors use this excuse to justify their land grabs as being a "win-win" scenario.
What is foreign investment?
Common but differentiated responsibilities, meaningful participation by developing countries, and the use of forests and farms as carbon sinks were key debates for this
What is the Kyoto Protocol?
Protocol that focused on sharing the benefits of genetic resources in a fair and equitable way for the conservation of biological diversity
What is the Nagoya Protocol?
Minimal external inputs, manual labor, and polycultures are indicators of these.
What are small-scale, diversified farms and/or short supply chains?
This source of water regenerates at a rate determined by water use, regional climate, and other factors, such as glaciers
What are shallow aquifers?
This entity was the recipient of a class action lawsuit for their intense discriminatory practices that caused 98% of black farmers in the US to be dispossessed of their land.
What is the USDA, or the United States Department of Agriculture?