HFrEF Etiolgy
What is the most common cause of HFrEF?
Ischemic Heart Disease
What happens to the left ventricle overtime due to increased blood pressure and hypertension?
Left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis
What is the name for dyspnea when laying flat?
Orthopnea
How many major and minor criteria, respectively, should be present on the Framingham Criteria for Diagnosis of Congestive Heart Failure to confirm diagnosis?
1 and 2
What type of medication class is commonly used to reduce fluid overload and relieve congestion in patients who have HFrEF? Provide an example
Loop Diuretics, Furosemide
What is the leading cause of LEFT ventricular HFrEF?
Chronic Hypertension
What is the backward failing effects of HFrEF?
Pulmonary edema
What additional heart sound is heard in HFrEF?
S3 gallop
JVD, PND, pulmonary crackles, and cardiomegaly are considered what criteria?
Major criteria
What four medication classes are are recommended for chronic HFrEF?
ACE inhibitor, Beta Blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA's) and SGLT2 inhibitors
What condition that causes HFrEF involves incomplete closure of a valve during systole?
Mitral Regurgitation
What is the forward failing effect of HFrEF?
Reduced perfusion to the brain, kidneys, and organs
What is the name of the complication associated with night-time SOB?
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
What laboratory test involves a peptide that enhances the body's ability to eliminate water?
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (B-type Natriuretic Peptide)
Which HFrEF medication class helps provide benefits regardless of whether the patient has diabetes? Provide an example
SGLT2 inhibitors, Dapagliflozin
What condition that causes HFrEF is associated with cor pulmonale?
Chronic Pulmonary Disease
What is the average Ejection Fraction percentage for HFrEF?
Less than or equal to 40%
What cerebral symptoms occur due to HFrEF?
confusion, headache, and memory loss
What should the nurse auscultate to listen for HFrEF symptoms?
Breath sounds and "APE To Man"
Before starting an MRA such as spironolactone in a patient with HFrEF, which two labratory paramaters are important to check?
Serum Potassium and renal function (creatinine and eGFR)
Which neuromuscular disease can cause a cardiomyopathy that results in HFrEF?
Muscular Dystrophy
What neurohormonal compensatory mechanism worsens HF?
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS)
What GI symptoms occur due to HFrEF?
Anorexia, nausea and discomfort
What physical assessments can be done to diagnose HF?
Cardiopulmonary assessment and checking for edema and JVD
Which HFrEF medication can increase potassium levels and what is the medication class of this drug?
Spironolactone, a Mineralocorticoid (MRA)