Central Dogma
What Forms the fundamental structure of cell membranes, creating compartments like organelles in eukaryotic cells
Proteins
Who is Antione Van Leewenhook and what did he do
Observed protists in water and named them “animalcules”
Contributed evidence for the single cell being the basic unit of life
He is a Dutch scientist known as " Father of Microbiology"
What are the four Basic Macromolecules
Bonus +/- 300 What is the name of the bond that holds together phosphates and phosphates?
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Bonus: Phosphoanhydride
What are some general features that make a good model organism
Abundance, Similar, Cost, Easy to maintain, Short generation cycles... etc
What is the monomer and Polymer for Protein
Amino acids + Polypeptide/ Protein
What is synthesized by specialized proteins from DNA only.
DNA
Who is Rudoff Virchow and what did he do?
Observed that all cells come from other cells
Contributed to cell theory that “all cells come from preexisting cells”
He is a German doctor/ anthropologist
Describe the function of ribosomes and cell membrane
R: Site of translation/ protein synthesis
M: composed of a phospholipid bilayer, protection from the environment, semi-permeable, facilitates molecular transport
As discussed in lecture what are the defining features of Eukaryotes
Nucleus + Membrane-bound organelles
EX: Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, Endoplasmic reticulum
What functional group binds amino acids to amino acids
amino + Carboxyl
what is formed from deoxyribonucleotides and serves as the genetic template for replication and transcription
Bonus +/- 100
What is the Polymer for Fats?
RNA
Bonus: Fatty acid triglyceride
Why does Dr.B never really say Hydrogen bonds but instead says Hydrogen interactions?
Becuase Hydrogen "Bonds" are never really fully bonded but are consistently moving electrostatic interactions.
Between Euks and Proks which contains membrane bound organelles and what are they?
Eukaryotes - Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
What are the 3 main points of the Modern Cell theory
If previous question is right you can play Bonus +/- 200
What is the name of the bond that holds together phosphate groups and hydroxyl groups?
1. All cells come from pre-existing cells
2. All living things are made up of cells
3. Cell is the basic unit of life
Bonus: A phosphoester bond
What is the bond formed between two sulfhydryl groups?
Disulfide bridge
What are specialized proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the cell, increasing reaction rates efficiently
Enzymes
Define Hydropothy and Polarity.
Bonus +/- 100
What are the functional groups that form a amide bond?
Hydropothy: Whether a molecule interacts with water or not.
Polarity: Electronegative differences that create partial charges.
Bonus: Amino + Carboxyl group
What does the endosymbiosis theory explain?
How certain eukaryotic organelles (mitochondria/chloroplast) evolved from prokaryotes with special functions; Cells living inside other cells!
What is one or more specific evidence that supports the modern cell theory to be true
Membrane- Mitochondria have their own cell membrane just like prokaryotic cells.
DNA - Mitochondria multiply by pinching itself in half just like the process of bacteria.
Mitochondria are single organelles such as prokaryotes live in single colonies, they also have circular chromosomes
Prokaryotes can undergo mitosis, so do mitochondria.
Mitochondria can use Oxygen to make ATP.
What is the name of the only amino acid that can use its side chain to form covalent bonds with the same amino acid?
Cysteine
What is composed of amino acids, synthesized by ribosomes and can functions in various locations within the cell including on cell membranes.
Phospholipid Bilayer
What is a condensation reaction/ how does it happen?
Bonds are formed releasing energy and water molecules.
What is the evidence that supports endosymbiosis theory?
M - membranes (membrane bound organelles)
A - antibiotics (endosymbiotic organelles are sensitive to antibiotics)
D - division (mitochondria divide by binary fission independently of host cell)
D - DNA (endosymbiotic organelles have their own circular free-floating DNA)
R - Ribosomes (has their own size “70S” ribosomes, euk ribosomes are “80S”)
What is one Model organism that Dr.B has assigned you to research on and what is it used for?
Ecoli - Used in biopharmaceuticals, Biomedical and Genetic research
S. Cerevisaie - used for aging, genetic expression, cell cycle, cancer biology, neurodegenerative disorders research
C. Elegans -used for aging, age-related diseases, mechanisms of longevity, drug screening for increase in lifespan research
D. Melangostel - Used for Emrbyogenesis, Human diseases, and drug discovery, genetics, cancer, medical research
D. Rario - Used for neurobiological, reductionist methods to study learning and memory, genetic mutation research
X. Laevis - Is used for research in cell signaling, embryonic patterning, organogenesis, embryonic development research
Arabidopsis - Research in specific defense mechanisms of plant pathogen resistance, agricultural innovation, biotechnology, and medicine.
Drosophila - Research in genetics and inheritance, behavioral genetics, Learning, aging and embryonic devolpment
What bond binds together monosaccharides? What functional groups is it comprised of?
For +/- 200 Bonus if you got the previous right, What might you call a molecule with a hydroxyl group? An alcohol
A glycosidic linkage is formed from two hydroxyl groups.
Bonus: An Alchohol