General organization of the cell
Which statement is correctly describing the Golgi apparatus?
A.The Golgi consists of round vesicles, and proteins scattered in the cell cytoplasm.
B. The Golgi apparatus is characteristically located in the top of the cell near the apical side.
C. Inside the Golgi apparatus are enzymes that process and add the sugar side chains on transmembrane and secreted proteins
D. On the upstream side (the beginning, cis face) of the Golgi apparatus, processed proteins segregate into different vesicles destined for lysosomes or the plasma membrane.
C.Inside the Golgi apparatus are enzymes that process and add the sugar side chains on transmembrane and secreted proteins
What are the types of interactions between G-actin subunits that stabilize the formation of an actin filament?
i. Hydrogen bonds
ii. Electrostatic bonds
iii. Hydrophobic
iv covalent
i. Hydrogen bonds
ii. Electrostatic bonds
iii. Hydrophobic
Extracellular fluids are LEAST likely to move through the space between cells that are joined by which type of intercellular junction?
A. Gap junctions
B. Tight junctions
C. Desmosomes
D. Hemidesmosomes
B. Tight junctions
Apoptosis is also called
A. Explosive cell death
B. Accidental cell death
C. Programmed cell death
D. Mitotic cell death
C. Programmed cell death
Total Magnification on a microscope is obtained by __________
A. Magnifying power of the objective lens
B. Magnifying power of eyepiece
C. Magnifying power of condenser lens
D. Magnifying power of both the objective lens and eyepiece
D. Magnifying power of both the objective lens and eyepiece
what is the signal that is present on proteins that targets them to the lysosomes?
The functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber is the
A. Sarcomere
B. Sarcolemma
C. Myofibril
D. Myofilament
A. Sarcomere
Which type of cellular junction is present in cardiac cells, and is very important in helping the cells contract at the same time?
A. Gap junctions
B. Tight junctions
C. Desmosomes
D. Hemidesmosomes
A. Gap junctions
which of the following results in an inflammatory response? (select all that apply)
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Autophagy
Necroptosis
Pyroptosis
Necrosis
Necroptosis
Pyroptosis
Match the following to:
Magnification ; Stage ; Resolution
1- The minimum distance between two points that can still be seen as distinct structures.
2- Part of the microscope on which the sample of investigation is positioned.
3- The apparent size of an image compared to its real size
Resolution 1- The minimum distance between two points that can still be seen as distinct structures.
Stage 2- Part of the microscope on which the sample of investigation is positioned.
Magnification 3- The apparent size of an image compared to its real size
DNA is composed of 4 bases, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine. The number of Thymine in a DNA molecule is always equal to the number of which other base?
A: Adenine
Which of the following cytoskeletal protein functions in microvilli of intestinal cells to increase the surface area for nutrient absorption?
A. Actin
B. Intermediate filaments
C. Microtubules
D. Myosin thick filaments
A. Actin
Adherens junctions are specialized cell junctions that form by linking the __________ to transmembrane proteins known as __________.
A. microtubule cytoskeleton . . . integrins
B. intermediate filament cytoskeleton . . . integrins
C. microtubule cytoskeleton . . . cadherins
D. actin cytoskeleton . . . cadherins
D. actin cytoskeleton . . . cadherins
______________ is a stain used to distinguish between living/viable and dead/non-viable cells to assess the viability of a cell culture
A. Trypan Blue
B. Bromophenol Blue
C. Easy Blue
D. Coomassie Blue
A. Trypan Blue
Neurotransmitters are proteins that are synthesized in the neurons and are subsequently secreted outside the cell to stimulate a target cell, such as a muscle cell, to contract. Neurotransmitters must be translated in this location inside the cell:
A. In the cytoplasm on free floating ribosomes
B. On the mitochondria membrane
C. On the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) membrane
D. In the nucleus
C. On the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) membrane
A mutation in which protein result in a failure of neurotransmitter from reaching the nerve terminal from the ER near the nucleus?
A. Myosin
B. Kinesin
C. Dynein
D. Actin
B. Kinesin
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about gap junctions?
A. Gap junctions prevent molecules and ions from traveling between cells in the extracellular space.
B. Gap junctions have some functionality of permitting cells to adhere to one another.
C. Gap junctions contribute to electrical coupling of adjacent cells.
D. Gap junctions permit the travel of small molecules back and forth between adjacent cells.
A. Gap junctions prevent molecules and ions from traveling between cells in the extracellular space.
Which of the following explains how apoptosis is related to cancer?
A. Cancer is an example of uncontrolled apoptosis.
B. The signals that would trigger apoptosis have failed in cancer cells.
C. Cancer cells cause excessive apoptosis in surrounding cells to make more room for more cancer cells
D. Cancer cells are formed when necrosis occurs instead of apoptosis
B. The signals that would trigger apoptosis have failed in cancer cells.
Which of the following microscopy techniques relies on the specimen interfering with the transmitted light to produce a high contrast image without the need for dyes or any modifications to the sample?
A. Electron microscopy
B. Fluorescence microscopy
D. Phase contrast microscopy
E. Confocal microscopy
D. Phase contrast microscopy
You would like to measure what size proteins freely diffuse into the nucleus of the cell. For this you transfect the cell with 3 different sizes of GFP particles and observe the results by confocal microscopy. Looking at the figure below what do you conclude about the diffusion size cut of?
(Image) same as the lecture
A protein larger than 200 KDa cannot diffuse into the nucleus
Myosin V is involved in membrane transport. A mutation in myosin tail domain will likely result in (select 2 answers!)
A. A myosin that can bind to actin filaments, but it will not bind to ATP.
B. A myosin that cannot bind to vesicle cargo.
C. A myosin that cannot bind to ATP.
D. A myosin that will move in the reverse direction on actin filaments.
E. A myosin that cannot bind to other myosin proteins.
F. A dominant negative protein.
A myosin that cannot bind to vesicle cargo
AND
A dominant negative protein.
(you will not get a question of this difficulty !)
Gap junctions are absent in __________(2 possible answers)
A. Sperm cells
B. Muscle cells
C. Cardiac cells
D. Brain cells
E. White blood cells
A. Sperm cells
E. White blood cells
you perform an experiment where you treat cells with a drug called doxorubicin in combination with low oxygen concentrations (to mimic a solid tumor where oxygen concentration decreases). In order to determine if the cells have undergone apoptosis you stain treated and untreated cells with AnnexinV-488. You then pass the cells in a cell analyzer and you obtain the following results (count of cells positive for annexin):
Normoxia alone: 20 %
Dox (Normoxia) : 50 %
Hypoxia alone : 60 %
Dox (Hypoxia) : 70 %
What can you conclude from this result?
A. Doxorubicin did not induce apoptosis
B. Doxorubicin induced apoptosis of cells grown in Hypoxia only
C. Doxorubicin induced apoptosis of cells grown in normal (non-hypoxic) conditions only
D. Doxorubicin resulted in apoptosis in both normoxia and hypoxia, however the effects did not improve in hypoxia
E. Doxorubicin resulted in apoptosis in both normoxia and hypoxia, however the effects were more prominent in hypoxia
E. Doxorubicin resulted in apoptosis in both normoxia and hypoxia, however the effects were more prominent in hypoxia
In an Immunofluorescence staining experiment to stain DNA repair proteins, you have used the following primary antibodies Mouse anti-H2AX antibody and Rabbit anti 53BP1 antibody. Then you used the following secondary antibodies: Goat Anti-Rabbit 488, Donkey Anti-Cheep 568 and Rat Anti-Mouse 647 antibodies. What color combination do you expect to see on your fluorescence microscope:
A: Green H2AX and Orange 53BP1
B: Orange 53BP1 and Red H2AX
C: Red H2AX and Orange 53BP1
D: Green 53BP1 and Red H2AX
D: Green 53BP1 and Red H2AX