Metabolism
4 ATP and 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate molecules
What are the Net Products of Glycolysis?
The newly made mRNA is used to direct DNA translation
The codons in mRNA are translated by tRNA(transfer rna) in the 5’ to 3’ direction
Each tRNA has an anticodon(set, a set of three nucleotides)) that binds to a matching mRNA codon through base pairing
The other end of the tRNA carries the amino acid that's specified by the codon
What is translation?
Created using Okazanki Fragments and a Ligase
What is Lagging Strand?
complex I, complex II, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome C, and complex IV
What are the complexes of the Electron Transport Chain?
Gated Transport, Transmembrane transport, Vesicular transport
What are the Three ways that proteins can move between cell compartments?
Glycolysis, kerbs cycle, Fermentation
What are anaerobic pathways?
Goes through splicing to remove introns from sequence to become mRNA
Has a ‘5 cap(guanine) and a ‘3 cap(poly A tail)(adenine)
What is mRNA processing?
Breaks one strand on either side in order to keep the stransd from supercoiling while helicase unzips
What is Topoisomerase?
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
What is cellular respiration
ER to Peroxisomes
ER to Golgi
Golgi to Secretory vesicles, late endosome, early endosome, cell exterior
Cell exterior to Early Endosome
Early Endosome to Cell exterior
Early endosome to late endosome
Late endosome to Lysosome
Late Endosome to Golgi
Secretory vesicles to Golgi
What is vesicular transport?
Oxidative phos, glycolysis, kerbs cycle, fermination.
What are aerobic pathways?
Three different sites on the ribosome(E, P, A)
P site (Peptidyl), A (aminoacyl), E (Exit)
What are ribosome peptide Gene exchange sites?
Semiconservative, conservative, dispersive
What is Meselson and Stahl experiment:
Exon shuffling, over time
What is evolution of genome?
Rab GTPase, Tether Protein, SNAREs
Required for vesicle targeting
Girls Get fast food, guys Dine Girls, boys pick up Pepperoni Pizza pizza
Her Pepperoni Pizzas Are the greatest Pepperoni Pizza ever period
What are glycolysis subrates?
What are glycolysis enzymes?
Draw these out
tRNA with AA binds to A site with anti codons that match to the codons of mRNA, then the AA on the tRNA in A site will bind to AA on tRNA that is in P site and cleave all linked AA on tRNA from P site to create even longerr AA chain on tRNA sitting in A site. Then the P site tRNA moves to E site to get ejected and A site tRNA moves to P site where process repeats until AA chain is created until tRNA reaches stop codon of mRNA
How proteins are made
Double stranded break in DNA chain, Looses nucleotides from original strand
Break in incorrect DNA chain, Looses nucleotides at repair but faster
What is Homologous and Non-homologous end joining?
Cellular process that harnesses the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Cargo Receptor binds(Extracellular space) to adaptin(Cytosol), Dynamin comes in and cleaves the vesicle allowing for free movement through the cytosol, Outer coat is removed and a naked vesicle is free in the cytosol
What is Clathrin-Coated Vesicles transport?
Citrate is the kerbs starting substrate for making oxacolate.
What are kerbs substrates
List the enzymes and energy products.
RNA polymerase binds to promoter and separates DNA strands to use one strand for transcription
RNA polymerase reads the template strand from the DNA one base pair at a time and builds an RNA strand with complimentary base pairs except instead of T its a U. It is synthesizes in the 5’ to 3’ direction
One a strand is made and RNA polymerase rewaches the terminator sequence of the DNA template strand, the RNA transcript is released from RNA polymerase
Three stages of DNA transcription:
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
looses A or G
Looses NH2 on C and turn to U
Thymine bond to eachother and create double ring
Depurination:
Deamination:
Thymine-thymine dimers:
Four answers state on or off
Glucose + Lactose present → operon ____
Glucose present - Lactose not → operon ___
No glucose or Lactose → operon ____
No glucose + Lactose Present → OPERON ____
Glucose + Lactose present → operon OFF
Glucose present - Lactose not → operon OFF
No glucose or Lactose → operon OFF
No glucose + Lactose Present → OPERON ON
(Three Anwsers)
E.R. To Golgi
Golgi to E.R.
E.R. to Extracellular space
What is Cop II?
What is Cop I?
What is Clathrin?