Cell Signaling
Signaling that occurs between bacteria is called ______.
What is quorum sensing.
Current model of the lipid bilayer that describes its 2D dynamic/liquid nature and its many different macromolecules.
Fluid mosaic model
Which of the following molecules will have the highest diffusion rate across the cell membrane?
a. Potassium, an ion
a. Water, a small polar molecule
b. CH4, a small nonpolar gas
d. Glucose, a large nonpolar molecule
CH4 (methane)
What are the 4 metabolic pathways of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, prep reaction, citric acid cycle (TCA, Kreb), and electron transport (a.k.a. oxidative phosphorylation).
Which of the following are considered weak, intermolecular interactions?
a. hydrogen bond
b. van der waals force
c. covalent bond
d. ionic bond
Hydrogen bond and van der waals force
When epinephrine stimulates a myocyte, adenylyl cyclase is activated. This enzyme will convert ATP to cyclic AMP, producing far more cyclic AMP than there is adenylyl cyclase. This is an example of signal _____.
Which of the following is NOT a typical component of the lipid bilayer?
a. glycoproteins
b. proteoglycans
c. cholesterol
d. nucleic acids
Nucleic acids
The direction in which ions will move across a cell membrane depends on the _______.
electrochemical gradient
When only glycolysis is used in energy production, we call it _______.
Fermentation
Protein secondary structure is primarily mediated/created via which type of molecular interaction?
Hydrogen bonds (specifically between the amino and carboxylic acid groups of amino acids).
The largest family of surface receptors.
G-protein-coupled receptors
Where are fatty acids produced and what is the final product of fatty acid synthesis that can be further modified into phospholipids?
Smooth E.R.; palmitate (will also accept acyl-CoA)
Proteins that facilitate diffusion without making conformational changes are called ______.
Channel proteins
In which metabolic pathway of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP being produced?
Electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation.
Proteins that regulate a gene's activity or level of transcription are called ______.
Transcription factors.
Two of the most common enzyme targets of GPCRs are:
adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C
How would membrane fluidity be affected if we increase saturated phospholipid abundance?
Membrane becomes more rigid.
The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to drive both sodium and potassium UP their concentration gradient. Sodium and potassium are transported across the membrane in opposite directions. The sodium-potassium pump is a(n) ________.
ATP-driven antiporter.
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 net ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvates.
The cell cortex is a dynamic structure composed primarily of _____ filaments. This dynamic structure allows special cellular activities such as cell crawling, neural dendrite formation, and phagocytosis.
Actin
The insulin receptor is a dimer in which the two proteins that make up the receptor each have a single transmembrane alpha helix. Once activated, each of the two proteins in the dimer activates each other via phosphorylation in the cytoplasmic domain. What type of receptor is the insulin receptor?
Enzyme-coupled receptor, specifically RTK.
An enzyme responsible for lipid bilayer asymmetry, this enzyme flips phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine to the outer leaflet.
Flippase
Hair cells in the ear have ion channels that allow potassium in, when they are physically opened by soundwave/vibrations. These potassium channels are ______.
Mechanically gated ion (potassium) channels.
Which complexes in the electron transport chain are proton pumps (use energy to drive protons/H+ up their concentration gradient)?
Complexes 1, 3, and 4.
Cdks, cyclins