Macromolecules
What macromolecule has amino acids for a monomer?
Proteins
Make a list of the common elements in Biology
C, O, H, S, P, Na, N, K, Cl
What ate the two general types of bonds?
Phsycial: sharing of electrons
Charged: atoms joined by together by opposite charges
What bond occurs intramolecularly in water?
Polar Covalent bonds (between O and H)
What are the three main components that make up a nucleotide?
Phosphate group, Sugar (ribose and deoxyribose), and nitrogenous bases (A, G, T, C, U)
What are the three components that make up an atom?
Proton (+)
Electron (-)
Neutron
How many bonds can the element Carbon make?
4 bonds as it has 4 valence electrons on its valence shell
Define Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic: water-loving
Hydrophobic: water-fearing
A) Communities
B) Ecosystem
C) Population
D) Biosphere
Communities
What makes saturated and unsaturated fatty acids different, and how does this affect fluidity?
unsaturated acids have double bonds which make the shape different. This breaks up the stacking of FA and creates more fluidity.
Would this atom be a cation or an anion?
Na+
Which element has the strongest electronegativity?
A) Carbon
B) Hydrogen
C) Oxygen
What property allows water to be a universal solvent?
Polar covalent bonds make water to be partially charged. This allows water to pull apart anything with a charge (e.g. NaCl and Water)
What is the rule for atomic structure when filling electrons?
2-8-8
filling the first shell with 2 and then the rest with 8
monosaccaharides and polysaccaharides
monosaccharides are bonded by covalent bonds via glycosidic linkage.
What is the outer most shell of an atom called?
Valance Shell
What is the difference between Polar and Nonpolar bonds?
Polar: Unequal sharing electrons
Non-Polar: equal sharing of electrons
What bond allows water to partake in cohesion and adhesion?
hydrogen bond - bond forms intermolecularly between either two water molecules (cohesion) or a water molecule and other molecules (adhesion)
What moelcules are required to make a phospholipid?
Attached to a glycerol are two fatty acids (unsat. and sat) and a phosphate group
Describe each stage of protein folding. Make sure to state which bonds are forming at each stage.
1. Primary - long strand with covalent peptide bonds
2. Secondary - a-helixes and b-sheets with hydrogen bonds
3. Tertiary - multiple types of bone driven by R groups & disulfide bridges (R-S-S-R)
4. Quarternary - joining two separate 3D proteins through multiple bonding types.
What is an isotope?
an atom with one or more extra neutrons than it would normally have
e.g. Carbon-12 (normal) --> Carbon 14 (isotope)
Which bond is the attraction between an anion and cation atoms?
Ionic Bonding
What is the pH of water?
7 neutral
What the function group Amine (R-NH2) act as a base or acid)
It will accept H+ making it a base.