The Cellular Highway
COP I mediates vesicular transport in what direction in a cell?
What is retrograde?
Binding of a hormone to a receptor tyrosine kinase causes dimerization of the receptor followed by receptor activation through what chemical modification?
What is autophosphorylation?
What class of protein is a substrate for polyubiquitination by the APC/C?
What is a cyclin?
Gap junctions are composed of what protein?
What are connexins?
What biological "factor" catalyzes the dissociation of GDP on the G-protein and promote the replacement of GTP on a GTPase molecular switch?
What is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor?
COP II mediates vesicular transport in what direction in a cell?
What is anterorgade?
In paracrine signaling, the signaling molecule acts on: the cell that secreted it, cells in close proximity, or cells far away?
What are cells in close proximity?
What is the cell cycle checkpoint in mitosis?
What is the spindle-assembly checkpoint?
Integrins are activated upon binding to ECM molecules. What cytosolic protein facilitates this activation and downstream signaling?
What is talin?
What molecule will pass through a cell membrane the easiest; a sodium ion, glucose, CO2, or lysine?
What is CO2?
Clathrin mediates vesicular transport from what organelle to the endosome?
What is the trans golgi network?
What is cAMP? (or cGMP, PKC, IP3)
Loss of function mutations in what type of pro-apoptotic signaling molecule might be found in a cancer cell?
What is Bax?
The basil lamina is composed of what primary ECM molecules?
What are laminn, collagen IV, perlecan, and nidogen?
What is the weakest form of non-covalent interactions that can be found in biology?
What are van der Waals interactions?
In the endoplasmic reticulum, what modification is added to newly formed proteins to allow them to be packaged into transport vesicles and sent to the Golgi?
What is N-linked glycosylation?
During receptor-mediated endocytosis, what change in the endocytic vesicle stimulates release of the ligand from the receptor?
What is a decrease in ph?
During apoptosis, what is considered the point of no return where a cell must undergo programmed cell death?
The extracellular matrix provides 2 types of cues to regulate cell identity and function, what are those cues?
What are biochemical and mechanical cues?
A new drug is developed which selectively cleaves covalent bonds between two sulfur atoms of non-adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Which level of protein structure in affected molecules would be most directly affected by the drug?
What is tertiary structure?
The mannose-6-phosphate receptor packages cargo into transport vesicles destined for the lysosome. Where does this cargo end up if the Golgi lacks the mannose-6-phosphate receptor?
What is the extracellular space?
Notch is a cell surface receptor engaged by a transmembrane protein (called Delta) in the membrane of a neighboring cell. What event in the cytosol transmits the signal from delta binding to the Notch receptor?
What is proteolytic cleavage of the cytosolic tail?
Cell murder occurs when what ligand is activated by immune cells?
What is the Fas receptor?
What genes are responsible for maintaining stemness in stem cells?
What are Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog?
An enzyme catalyzes biochemical reactions in a cell by decreasing what thermodynamic property of a reaction?
What is the activation energy?