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What are the main differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA: ATGC, deoxyribose sugar, and double stranded
RNA: AUGC, Ribose sugar, and single stranded
Define apoptosis and give a reason it might take place.
Apoptosis=programmed cell death
Reasons: cell has a genetic mutation (perhaps this mutation could cause it to be cancerous)
Rank the four bonds based off of their strength weakest to strongest: hydrogen (dipole-dipole),covalent, ionic, Van der Waals
-Covalent
-Ionic
-Hydrogen (dipole-dipole)
-Van der Waals
Define anabolic and catabolic reactions interms of glucose.
-An anabolic reaction is when something uses smaller pieces to make a bigger molecule. This would be using smaller molecules and consuming ATP to make glucose
-A catabolic reaction breaks down bigger molecules into smaller building blocks. This would be breaking down glucose and getting smaller molecules and ATP in return.
What would the translated RNA be if the DNA sequence was:
5'-ATGCATCCG-3'
3'-TACGTAGGC-5'
5'-AUGCAUCCG-3'
Describe the role of:
-DNA Polymerase I:
-Ligase:
-DNA Polymerase I: removes RNA primer with DNA
-Ligase: connects Okazaki fragments
Briefly describe the theory of endosymbiosis.
Define amphibolic as it relates to metabolism.
Amphibolic is when a pathway uses both catabolic and anabolic reactions. This is used in biological pathways such as the krebs cycle.
What role does tRNA have in translation? What does it mean to be a charged tRNA?
tRNA brings in the amino acid for translation by matching its anticodon to the codon on the RNA being translated. If a tRNA is charged, it is carrying an amino acid.
Describe the role of:
-Helicase:
-Primase:
-DNA Polymerase III:
-Helicase: separates double stranded DNA into single stranded DNA by separating H-bonds
-Primase: makes RNA sequence that has a free 3' hydroxyl for the DNA polymerase II to work off of
-DNA Polymerase III: Builds daughter strands of DNA 5' to 3' hydroxyl for the DNA template 3' to 5'
Define activation energy and describe the role of enzymes in catalyzing a reaction.
Activation energy is the energy required to get a reaction to progress in the forward direction. Enzymes lower this activation energy and in return make a reaction more energetically favorable.
What processes take place during anaerobic metabolism? What are some of the advantages and disadvantages?
Without oxygen a fermentation pathway will be taken. Which provides used full byproducts that can later be used to power glycolysis; however, it is not producing energy like glycolysis would provide.
Describe, or diagram, one complete round of elongation during translation.
Look back at previous work sheets. (Sorry I can't put images as an answer on this website.)
Do all cells have the same genes? What about the same proteins? Explain.
All cells have the same genes (DNA), but not all cells have the same proteins. This is because only some genes are expressed and thus only certain proteins are in each cell.
What do cellulose, glycogen and starch have in common? How do they differ from each other?
Similarity: they are all polysaccharides
Difference:
-Cellulose: no branching, beta 1,4 bond (not digestible)
-Starch: branching, alpha 1,4 bond (digestible)
-Glycogen: branching, alpha 1,4 bond (digestible)
Describe electronegativity and its role in determining which type of bond will form between two atoms.
Electronegativity can be simply put as an atoms electron greed. It is an atoms strength for attracting a bonding pair of electrons from another atom. The electronegativities of the two atoms will determine how much of the shared electrons each of the atoms gets.
-For example) H is covalently bonded to C. C has most of the electrons because it is more electronegative than H
Draw a replication fork including: labeled ends of each strand 5' and 3', level the leading and lagging strand, indicate where RNA primers are located, and show the direction of DNA synthesis for the daughter strands.
Look back at previous work sheets. (Sorry I can't put images as an answer on this website.)
Define the following terms:
-Sister Chromatids
-Homologous chromosomes:
-Haploids:
-Diploids:
-Sister chromatids: a chromosome that is duplicated and paired with its duplicate (this happens in mitosis and similar in meiosis 2)
-Homologous Chromosomes: the pairing of two sister chromatids (one from mom and dad) along the metaphase plate [this happens during meiosis]
-Haploids: one set of chromosomes, n (gamete cells=haploid)
-Diploid: two sets of chromosomes, 2n (somatic cells=diploid)
What are the four main differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis: 2n-> 2n or 1n->1n, 1 replication and 1 division, sister chromatids along metaphase plate, and sister chromatids separate in anaphase
Meiosis: 2n->1n, 1 replication and 2 divisions, sister chromatids across metaphase plate in MI (MII=mitosis), MI=homologs separate in anaphase and MII=sister chromatids separate
Why does the electron carrier NADH lead to more energy being made than the electron carrier FADH2?
NADH goes through one more proton pump than FADH2, which results in NADH contributing more to the proton gradient being made by the electron transport chain. This means that it will power ATP synthase more and in return it will result in more ATP (energy being made).