Organelles & Structure
This type of cell lacks a true membrane-bound nucleus and complex compartmentalized organelles
What is a Prokaryotic cell?
This default pathway is taken by a newly synthesized protein if it lacks any specific sorting or targeting tags
What is Exocytosis / Secretion outside the cell?
These double-stranded helical filaments drive cell movement, cytokinesis cleavage furrow formation, and muscle contraction
What are Actin filaments (Microfilaments)?
Conserved microbial components like LPS, flagellin, and peptidoglycan that trigger innate immune responses are known by this acronym
What are PAMPs (Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns)?
If a drug prevents Mannose-6-phosphate tagging in the Golgi, where will lysosomal enzymes end up, and why won't they destroy the cell exterior
What is secreted outside the cell, and remaining inactive due to the neutral extracellular pH ( ~ 7.4)?
This acidic organelle uses hydrolytic enzymes to break down waste materials, damaged cellular structures, and foreign particles at a low pH
What is a Lysosome?
This amino acid tag is recognized by importins to allow large proteins to pass through the nuclear pore complex
What is a Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS)?
This motor protein moves along actin filaments using ATP hydrolysis to generate mechanical force
What is Myosin?
This mesh-like polymer of sugars and amino acids forms the cell wall of most bacteria
What is Peptidoglycan?
If a cell's Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) is completely non-functional, where in the cell will translation of a secreted protein end up finishing
What is on a free ribosome in the cytosol (never entering the ER translocon)?
This structural network inside the nuclear envelope is made of intermediate filaments and provides mechanical support to the nucleus
What is the Nuclear Lamina?
This particle binds to a nascent polypeptide's ER signal sequence and directs the ribosome to the translocon on the Rough ER
What is the Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)?
These hollow tubulin-based structures serve as intracellular tracks for transport and form the mitotic spindle
What are Microtubules?
These bacteria have a single plasma membrane surrounded by a thick outer peptidoglycan cell wall
What are Gram-positive bacteria?
Exposure to a toxin that blocks Kinesin's ATP hydrolysis will stop vesicle transport heading in which directional pathway
What is toward the plus (+) end / cell periphery?
This organelle carries out oxidation reactions and uses the enzyme catalase to break down toxic hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
What is a Peroxisome?
This phosphorylated sugar tag is attached in the Golgi apparatus to direct acid hydrolases to the lysosome
What is Mannose-6-Phosphate (M6P)?
This motor protein walks along microtubules toward the plus (+) end, moving cargo outward toward the cell periphery
What is Kinesin?
This viral cycle causes active replication, assembly of virions, and destruction/bursting of the host cell
What is the Lytic cycle?
Name two distinct cellular processes that will immediately fail if actin filaments are depolymerized into monomers by a toxin
What are cytokinesis (cleavage furrow formation), muscle contraction, cell crawling, or cytoplasmic streaming?
This "self-eating" process occurs when a double-membrane structure called an autophagosome engulfs damaged organelles for recycling
What is Autophagy?
When a nascent protein's signal sequence is recognized in the cytosol, translation temporarily pauses until SRP binds to its receptor located on this specific membrane
What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) membrane?
This motor protein walks toward the minus (-) end of microtubules, heading inward toward the cell center / MTOC
What is Dynein?
In this viral cycle, the phage genome integrates into the host bacterial chromosome as a prophage and replicates silently during host cell division
What is the Lysogenic cycle (Lysogeny)?
What environmental trigger causes a prophage in a lysogenic bacterial host to excise itself and re-enter the active lytic cycle
What is host cell stress or DNA damage (e.g., UV exposure)?