Signals
What is cell signaling about?
Communication between different groups of cells and tissues.
What is a ligand?
The molecule that binds to the receptor.
What are the two types of receptors?
Plasma Membrane receptors, intracellular receptors.
When does signal transduction occur?
After receptor activation.
This phase is when a cell grows and carries out its normal functions.
What is G1
Name two types of signals between cells?
What is Autocrine, Juxtacrine, Paracrine, Endocrine
Ligands can _____ or _____ receptors.
activate; inhibit
What are the two signalling receptors we learned about?
Gated ion channels, protein kinase receptors, G-protein-coupled receptors
What is an important factor in a signaling cascade?
Secondary messengers
During this phase, the cell copies its DNA.
What is S phase
What signal involves long distance and typically involves hormones?
Endocrine signaling
What kind of ligand is caffeine?
Antagonist
How are phosphates added and/or removed?
Added by kinases, removed by phosphatases.
What are the elements of a signal transduction pathway?
1. Signal, 2. Receptor, 3. Signaling cascade, 4. Response
This part of the cell cycle includes G1, S, and G2, when the cell grows and prepares for division.
What is interphase?
Most signals are ____?
What is an agonist?
Has the same effect as the ligand. Very similar in structure
What happens when an inhibitor binds to the cell membrane?
Changes the shape of the receptor and the ligand cannot bind
What is an example of amplification?
Insulin recruits more proteins after binding. Recruits GLUT transporters
This is the stage when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell during Mitosis
What is metaphase?
A signal will occur if there are 2 key "concepts." What are they?
1. Specificity, 2. Proximity
No signal is sent, and the cell may not respond.
What happens when a ligand cannot bind to its receptor?
This hormone binds to a receptor and triggers a kinase cascade that increases glucose transporters, allowing more glucose to enter the cell.
What is insulin?
What is the job of the map kinase cascade? (2)
To phosphorylate other proteins. To recruit secondary messengers: GTP and cyclic AMP
When cells divide uncontrollably because normal cell-cycle regulation fails, this disease can develop.
What is cancer?