DNA Replication
What is the complimentary strand to this DNA Template:
GCGGTAC
CGCCATG
What are the 3 stages of cell signaling?
Reception, Transduction, Response.
Before a cell can divide, DNA must be condensed and coiled into what structures?
chromosomes
What is the job of the promoter and primers?
Tells RNA/DNA Polymerase where to bind.
What is the name of the proteins DNA condense around?
Histone Proteins
Which two bases are Purines - Containing a double hexagonal ring structure?
Adenine & Guanine
The endocrine system sends out long distance ligands like what?
Hormones/Neurotransmitters
Cells spend the majority of their time in which phase of the cell cycle?
Interphase
What is the flow of information according to the central dogma?
DNA -> RNA -> Proteins
What is the difference in DNA structure between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have a single strand of circular DNA
Eukaryotes have multiple strands of Chromosomes with ends that degrade over time.
DNA Replication is referred to as what?
Conservative Replication, Semi-Conservative Replication, or Liberal Replication
Semi-Conservative Replication
One old strand saved, one new strand built off old.
A phosphorylation cascade is which of the following?
Reception, Transduction, Response?
Transduction
Which base pair is harder to break apart because they have 3 hydrogen bonds binding them rather than the 2 found in the other pair?
Cytosine & Guanine
What two things are required in a cell for a gene to express?
Regulatory Switch & Activator Presence. Both are needed for the process to begin!
If you start with 2 cells and each went through mitosis 3 times, how many cells are there?
16
Name the three parts of the Nucleotide - the monomer of DNA.
Phosphate, Deoxyribose Sugar, and Nitrogen Base.
Cyclic AMP is an example of this type of molecule that allows for responses to be amplified.
secondary messenger
This phase of Interphase involves the replication of DNA.
S phase
If all cells share the same DNA, how are they all different and specialized?
Different genes are turned on and off with regulatory switches. (Cell Differentiation)
These types of cells evade apoptosis and continue dividing with errors
cancer cells
DNA Polymerase is structured in a way it can only travel in one direction. What direction does DNA Polymerase travel on the template strand it builds on?
DNA Polymerase travels from 3' to 5' direction.
It builds in the opposite direction - 5' to 3'.
If blood Ca+ levels fall too low, PTH signals for Calcium to be released into the bloodstream from the bones. Is this an example of Positive or Negative Feedback?
Negative Feedback.
How many chromosomes would there be during prophase in a cell that has 10 chromosomes in G1?
10 Chromosomes
20 Chromatids
How do gene mutations contribute to evolution?
Natural selection favors beneficial mutations, so they survive and are passed on to future generations..
What are Introns & Exons within RNA?
Introns - segment of RNA removed because it doesn't code for an amino acid in the needed protein.
Exons - Segment of RNA that codes information for protein synthesis. Glued together when Introns are removed.