Phases of the Cell Cycle
What are the 4 sections of the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, M
What is mitosis?
It is where one cell splits into 2 identical daughter cells.
What is the role of kinase?
They are enzymes that add a phosphate to other proteins to activate or inhibit their function.
What is interphase?
Where cells perform their regular funtions, replicate DNA, and prepare for cell division.
What is the difference between binary fission and mitosis?
Binary fission is how prokaryotes reproduce
What are the 6 phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokenisis
What is prophase?
It is the first phase of mitosis and the nucleus starts to disintegrate, while the DNA starts condensing.
What is the role of cyclin?
It stimulates or inhibits the cell cycle depending on what proteins activate it.
What occurs in G1?
This is where the cell continues to do its normal functions until it decides whether to go through cell division or not.
What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?
Meiosis is the process of forming gamma haplids from diploid germ cells. It produces 4 haploid gamates that are different from eachother.
What is the G0 phase?
It is where the cell doesn't divide.
What is metaphase?
It is second phase of mitosis and is where the sister chromatids line up at the imaginary metaphse plate.
What happens to cyclin over the cell cycle?
The levels of cyclin concentration go up and down depending on what phase the cell cycle is in.
What occurs in S?
This is where the cell replicates the DNA.
What causes cancer and uncontrolled cell growth?
Cancer and uncontrolled cell growth occur due to too little cell death or too much cell division, which causes tumors.
Where are the checkpoints in the cell cycle?
End of G1, end of G2, and during metaphase
What is anaphase?
It is the third stage of mitosis and is where the spindle fibers begin to pull the sister chromatids apart.
What is p53?
The p53 stops the progression to S phase by inhibiting the G1 CDK-cyclin complex. In G2, p53 will stop progression until the damage is repaired.
What occurs in G2?
This is where the cells grow and is the last chance for the cell to check for problems.
What is the gas pedal in the analogy?
The gas pedal is a mutated proto-oncogene that accelerates the cell cycle.
What is cytokenisis?
It is where the cytoplasm ansd the cell organelles seerate into two identical cells. Not a part of mitosis.
What is telophase?
Is is the last stage of mitosis and is where the nuclear membranes form around the two groups of chromosomes.
When is APC/C activated?
It is activated deuring metaphase and destroys the protein holding the chormosomes together.
What happens if the cell can't fix DNA proteins during the G2 checkpoint?
The cell will perform apoptosis.
What is the break pedal in the analogy?
It is mutated tumor suppresor genes that can't stop the cell cycle from progressing.