Cell Cycle
What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
Interphase
All chromosomes are lined up in the center of the cell in this phase.
What is metaphase?
Chromosomes make an exact copy of one another, they are now called...
What are Sister chromatids
Cell-regulated death is known as
Apoptosis
Identify two factors that increase the risk of developing cancer.
Age, smoking, UV, radiation, chemical exposure, pollution, obesity, genetics
What is DNA Replication/Duplication/Synthesis
In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes become visible?
What is prophase
Why did the cancer cell fail its driving test?
It couldn’t stop at checkpoints.
A tumor biopsy reveals cells that are cancerous and can travel to other parts of the body. This type of tumor is called ___.
What is malignant
Process that occurs at the end of telophase before a cell re-enters G1?
Cytokinesis
These proteins increase in production as the cell cycle progresses
What are Cyclins?
Why is cancer considered "uncontrolled cell division?"
What is because it does not abide by the checkpoints (cell regulations) = proliferation.
Name ALL of the phases of the cell cycle IN ORDER.
G1, S, G2, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
Which phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane re-appear?
What is telophase
What are the microtubules that help move chromosomes called
What are spindle fibers
Growth factors signal when a cell should exit interphase and enter the M phase. Predict what will happen to a cancer cell in the presence and absence of growth factors.
When growth factors are present:
When growth factors are absent:
This tumor suppressor gene is known as the "guardian of the genome" and goes around fixing errors in the DNA
What is p53?
A cell that is not actively growing or dividing is in this phase of the cell cycle
G0
What do cells maintain by staying small and divided?
A high surface area-to-volume ratio
Where do spindle fibers originate?
List the checkpoints that the cell undergoes and what are they checking for?
What are:
G1 checkpoint: make sure cell is big enough, organelles are being replicated,
G2 checkpoint: Make sure DNA was properly copied, any last minute things that need to be made,
M checkpoint: make sure the chromosomes are attached properly at the equator
Normal cells use this regulatory mechanism to stop growing when they crowd together; cancer cells lack it and will grow on top of each other.
What is contact inhibition?