A
DNA in humans is ________ and has ______ (#) complementary strands, so it can be called __________, and forms ________ (shape)
DNA in humans is linear and has two complementary strands so it can be called double stranded and forms a double helix.
4 Bases are ________,______,______,______ and the complementary base pairs are ____:_____ and _____:______
4 Bases are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine and they pair AT GC
What is the sugar that is in the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA?
Deoxyribose
DNA packages via....
Histones
What is transcription?
DNA to RNA, DNA is transcribed to RNA so it can leave the nucleus.
Where are ribosomes made? What are they made of?
Made in the nucleolus, and are made of RNA and proteins.
Rough ER vs Smooth ER?
Ribosomes vs no ribosomes
Golgi apparatus: function? structure?
Golgi takes products from the ER, packages them to send them around the cell through vesicles.
Has phosphate and lipids (fat) Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
Types of RNA?
tRNA (transfer RNA), mRNA (messenger RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
Cytoskeletal elements? Also, discuss other functions of each.
Actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
Actin makes up the cleavage furrow, used in cytokinesis, microtubules make up spindle apparatus, used in mitosis.
What's the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
Breaking up the DNA, chromosomes vs breaking up the entire cell.
Define catabolism, anabolism, metabolism
Catabolism is breaking things down, anabolism is building things up, and metabolism is the term used to define the processes of catabolism and anabolism.
What does the smooth ER do?
detoxification, lipid synthesis, and calcium storage
P53, Rb, P21
G1/S, G2/M, and in mitosis during metaphase. G1 checks cell size, detects DNA damage, checks nutrients, growth factors. G2/M checks cell size and DNA replication damage, M phase checkpoints checks that all are lined up at metaphase plate
What protein makes sure the sister chromatids only separate during anaphase.
Securin prevents separase from cutting the cohesin complex holding the sister chromatids. APC is needed for anaphase to break down securin.
5 phases of M phase and discuss their developments
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Kinetochore
The place on the chromosome at the centromere which has proteins for spindle microtubules connect.