Phase
Chromosomes condense and become visible; spindle fibers begin to form.
What is prophase?
This phase has a checkpoint checking for DNA damage before S phase.
What is G1?
Duplicated chromosomes are made of two identical structures called ____.
What are sister chromatids?
This type of molecule rises and falls throughout the cell cycle to regulate CDKs.
What are cyclins?
Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during anaphase.
What is nondisjunction?
The nuclear envelope breaks down; spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.
What is prometaphase?
This checkpoint ensures all DNA has been correctly replicated.
What is the G2 checkpoint?
The region where sister chromatids are attached.
What is the centromere?
A cell stops dividing when crowded due to this phenomenon.
What is density-dependent inhibition?
When the spindle fails to attach, this checkpoint prevents mitosis from finishing.
What is the M checkpoint?
Chromosomes line up down the middle of the cell.
What is metaphase?
The checkpoint that verifies all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers.
What is the M (spindle) checkpoint?
These structures organize the spindle apparatus in animal cells.
What are centrioles?
Cells that will not divide again enter this phase.
What is G0?
Cells dividing too rapidly may form this mass of abnormal cells.
What is a tumor?
Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.
What is anaphase?
Protein family that “checks” conditions by binding to cyclins.
What are CDKs (Cyclin-Dependent Kinases)?
The complex on the centromere where spindle fibers attach.
What is the kinetochore?
Growth factors signal cells to divide; an example is this factor that stimulates wound healing.
What is PDGF (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor)?
Mutation in this process causes cancer cells to ignore signals that normally stop division.
What is cell-cycle regulation?
Two new nuclei form around separated chromosomes; chromosomes begin to uncoil.
What is telophase?
The G1 checkpoint is heavily influenced by this tumor-suppressor protein known as the “guardian of the genome.”
What is p53?
The phase where cohesion proteins are cleaved to allow chromatids to separate.
What is anaphase?
If a cell lacks this type of regulation and grows uncontrollably, it may form a tumor.
What is loss of cell-cycle regulation?
or
(What is uncontrolled CDK activity?)
Cancer cells that spread to new parts of the body undergo this process.
What is metastasis?