Cell division
According to cell theory, new cells come from these
What are pre-existing cells
This occurs during S-phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle.
What is DNA replication
It is the phase of mitosis in which the condensed chromosomes are moved by spindles (microtubules) to the center of the cell.
What is metaphase
These occur in Gap 1, Gap 2, and metaphase to ensure that an event is completed before the next phase begins.
What are eukaryotic cell cycle checkpoints
It is the purpose of cell division.
What is to make new cells
These events need to occur before cell division can be completed
What are duplicating the organelles and replicating the DNA (genome). Also grown in size and make special structures.
It is the phase of the cell cycle in which the DNA is checked to make sure that DNA replication is competed and the DNA is undamaged.
What is Gap 2 (or G2)
It is the phase of mitosis in which the sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindles (microtubules) to opposite poles of the cell.
What is anaphase
It is a change in the sequence of DNA, often due to errors in DNA replication
What is a mutation
These may shorter every time the DNA is replicated
What are telomeres
This longest part of the eukaryotic cell cycle consists of Gap 1, S-phase, and Gap 2.
What is interphase.
It is the phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle in which a cell decides whether or not to undergo cell division.
What is Gap 1 (or G1)
It is the phase of mitosis in which chromosomes condense, the microtubule organizing centers move towards opposite poles, and the nuclear membrane breaks down
What is prophase
It may form from a mutated proto-oncogene and inappropriately promote the cell cycle
What is an oncogene
This programmed cell death may occur to cells that are infected, becoming cancerous, or no longer needed in the body.
What is apoptosis
What are the 4 phases of mitosis in order?
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
A cell that decides not to undergo cell division would enter this phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle.
What is G0
It is the phase of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane reforms around two separate nuclei within one cell
What is telophase
When properly functioning, these genes slow down the cell cycle, promote apoptosis when needed, and help create the cell cycle checkpoints.
What are tumor-suppressor genes (such as P53)
It is an unspecialized, usually immortal (telomerase is on) cell type that can give rise to different specialized cells.
What is a stem cell. (an adult stem cell).
These are some of the reasons why cell division is more complex in multicellular eukaryotes than in single-celled bacteria
There is a nuclear membrane, multiple chromosomes, a larger/more complex cell, and the concern for organisms as a whole.
These events make up the entire eukaryotic cell cycle.
What are Gap 1, S-phase, Gap 2, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
It is a name for the nuclear division that occurs before cell division in a eukaryotic cell, and consists of about 4 distinct phases.
What is mitosis
It is because numerous mutations in different genes (proto-oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes) need to occur for healthy cells to become cancerous cells.
Why is cancer a multi-step process
It is the process by which a stem cell descendant may become a specialized type of cell in the body.
What is cell differentiation