Signal Transduction
Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Cell Cycle Regulation
Cancer
100
The steps of the signal transduction pathway
What is Reception, transduction, response
100
Cells divide for these reasons (at least 2)
what is: exchanging material, repair/replace cells, and reproduction
100
What is the main purpose of mitosis?
(a) to reduce chromosome number, (b) to make identical daughter cells, (c) to make gametes, (d) to combine chromosomes
(b) to make identical daughter cells
100
What are the 3 Cell Cycle Checkpoints?
G1, G2, M
100
Name of proto-oncogenes when the gene is mutated
Oncogenes
200
The process which involves increasing the strength of a cellular signal during signal transduction
What is Amplification
200
The phases of the cell cycle (in order)
What is G1, S, G2, M
200
If mitotic spindle formation is disrupted, what would you expect to observe?
(a) DNA replication would fail, (b) chromosomes wouldn't condense, (c) chromosomes wouldn't separate properly, (d) cytokinesis would occur normally
(c) chromosomes wouldn't separate properly
200
These signals are found inside and outside the cell to control the cell cycle
Regulatory Proteins
200
Which cellular process becomes dysregulated first in most cancers?
(a) cell adhesion, (b) cell cycle control, (c) protein synthesis, (d) Energy production
(b) cell cycle control
300
Two examples of juxtacrine signaling
What is the Plasmodesmata (plants)
What are glycoproteins (animals)
300
When will a cell be in G0?
Resting, not ready for cell division
300
Cell Observations:
- chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
- nuclear envelope has disappeared
A student looking through a microscope records observations about a cell. Which stage of the cell cycle has the student described?
What is Prophase
300
Which two checkpoints can stop the cell cycle and initiate apoptosis when the cell fails to meet the requirements for cell division?
G2 and M
300
Cancer cells do not respond to ___________-__________ inhibition and __________ dependence.
density dependent inhibition and anchorage dependence
400
The type of enzyme adds phosphate groups to proteins during signal transduction
What is Kinase
400
Cells spend most of their time in this phase of the cell cycle
Interphase
400
At a point in the cell cycle, chromosomes have aligned near the middle of a cell. Which sequence of events will the cell need to complete to produce two identical daughter cells?
anaphase--> telophase--> cytokinesis
400
When are Cdks active and inactive- how does this affect the cell cycle?
Active when cyclin is attached--> GO!
Inactive when not bound--> STOP!
400
What is the primary function of tumor suppressor proteins?
(a) stimulating cell division, (b) blocking apoptosis, (c) checking for DNA damage, (d) causing mutations
(c) checking for DNA damage
500
Which combination would most effectively stop a signal transduction pathway?
(a) adding agonist and kinases, (b) combining phosphatases and antagonists (c) adding more receptors and kinases (d) increasing amplification and phosphorylation
b) combining phosphatases and antagonist
500
Which phases of the Cell cycle contain chromatin and which contain chromosomes?
Interphase= chromatin
M phase (mitosis)= chromosomes
500
Put the stages in order 
D--> C --> E --> A --> B --> F
500
Which process ensures that different cyclin-dependent kinases act at specific times during the cell cycle?
(a) random binding, (b) continuous activation, (c) periodic synthesis of degradation of cyclins, (d) permanent attachment of cyclins
(c) periodic synthesis of degradation of cyclins
500
Cancer cells can produce this type of regulatory proteins to activate cell division through autocrine signaling
Growth Factors