Roots & Stems
In this context, the term 'meta-' means:
What is 'middle, central, to bring together?'
This refers to DNA in its least condensed form
What is chromatin?
This is why all gametes must be haploid:
What is 'so that when two gametes fuse to create a new organism, they maintain the diploid chromosome number for that species from one generation to the next?'
Germ cells are described as this (how many sets of chromosomes?)
What is haploid?
Somatic cells are described as this (in terms of sets of chromosomes)
What is diploid?
The prefix 'pro-' means this
What is 'first?'
_____________ refers to cells that have one complete set of chromosomes (n)
What is haploid?
This is the 'big picture' job of meiosis I
What is 'to separate homologous chromosomes?'
These are the two sides of replicated chromosome
What are 'sister chromatids?'
The prefix 'telo-' means this
What is 'last or final?'
This suffix means 'to create' or 'the beginning of'
What is '-genesis?'
Liver, brain, skin, and red blood cells are all __________________ cells
What is somatic?
______________ is the longest phase of meiosis AND explain why it takes the most time:
What is 'prophase I - because that is when crossing-over occurs?'
These are small pieces of DNA that hold sister chromatids together
What are centromeres?
Meiosis II does this
What is 'separates replicated chromosomes into individual chromosomes/chromatids?'
The term 'oogenesis' translates to
What is 'creation of eggs/egg cells?'
What is 'a process in which the parent organism is physically broken into two or more pieces, both of which develop into new organisms; sea stars, sponges, some worms, certain jellyfish?'
This is why is it so important that mitosis CONSERVES genetic information
What is 'so cells continue to reproduce identical copies and continue doing the same jobs?'
In every human diploid cell, there is roughly ___________________ m of DNA
What is 'two meters of DNA per diploid cell?'
In your own words, explain why no two egg or sperm cells will ever be genetically identical:
What is 'because every round of meiosis starts with the process of crossing over - so each meiotic division creates unique combinations of genes that will never be created again?'
List the prefixes for each phase of mitosis/meiosis (including cytokinesis) and explain what each means:
What is 1) pro - first/early, 2) meta - centralize/bring together/middle, 3) ana- to step back/move away, 4) telo - final/last, 5) cyto - cell, and 6) -kinesis - two things move apart/away?
List the four types of asexual reproduction discussed in this unit
What are 1) binary fission, 2) fragmentation, 3) budding, and 4) mitosis?
Define homologous chromosomes using the definition we used in class and explain if they are identical or not
What is 'pairs of chromosomes that carry the same genes in the same order; NOT identical because they should carry different versions of most genes?'
List the hierarchy of DNA starting with chromatin
What is 1) chromatin, 2) nucleosomes, 3) coils, 4) supercoils, and 5) chromosomes?
These are examples of organisms that go through 1) binary fission, 2) budding, and 3) fragmentation
What are '1) bacteria/all prokaryotes, 2) plants, corals, many marine invertebrates, and 3) sea sponges, starfish?'