Purpose/function
What is the main purpose of Mitosis in multicellular organisms?
To produce identical daughter cells for growth and development as well as repair and replacement of old or damaged cells
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
How do chromosomes replicate before cell division?
During the S phase of interphase (synthesis), each chromosome duplicates to form two sister chromatids.
How does the number of cell divisions differ between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis has one division; meiosis has two.
How many daughter cells result from mitosis, and are they identical?
Two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and the parent cell.
Why is cell division important for growth and development?
it allows organisms to increase in size, replace damaged cells, and repair injuries
How many divisions occur during meiosis, and what are they called?
There are 2 divisions: Meiosis 1 (separates homologous chromosomes) and Meiosis 2 (separates sister chromatids).
What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?
Homologous chromosomes are pairs (one from each parent), sister chromatids are identical copies joined together
Which cell division produces diploid cells, and which produces haploid cells?
Mitosis produces diploid cells
meiosis produces haploid cells.
What is the chromosome number in daughter cells after meiosis compared to the parent cell?
Daughter cells have half the chromosome number (haploid) compared to the diploid parent cell.
What role does mitosis play in tissue repair?
Mitosis produces new cells that replace injured or dead cells in tissues.
During which phase do chromosomes line up in the center of the cell in mitosis?
Metaphase
How do chromosomes align during metaphase in mitosis and meiosis?
In mitosis, chromosomes line up individually; in meiosis I, homologous pairs line up side-by-side.
How do the purposes of mitosis and meiosis differ?
Mitosis is for growth and repair; meiosis is for producing gametes for sexual reproduction.
How does mitosis maintain the chromosome number of the original cell?
By replicating chromosomes before division and equally distributing sister chromatids.
How does meiosis ensure the correct number of chromosomes in gametes?
Meiosis halves the chromosome number, producing haploid gametes so that fertilization restores diploid number.
What is crossing over, and during which stage of meiosis does it occur?
crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes (homologous) during Prophase
What happens to chromosome number during meiosis?
It is split in half from diploid to haploid.
What role does crossing over play in meiosis but not in mitosis?
Crossing over never happens during Mitosis.
What is the significance of producing genetically unique cells in meiosis?
It increases genetic variation, which is important for evolution and adaptation.
Why is accurate cell division essential for the health of an organism?
Because errors can lead to abnormal cell function, genetic mutations, or uncontrolled cell growth, which may result in diseases such as cancer or developmental disorders.
When do sister chromatids separate in mitosis versus meiosis?
In mitosis during Anaphase, in meiosis during Anaphase 2
How is genetic material exchanged between chromosomes during meiosis?
through crossing over (in Prophase 1)
How do the genetic outcomes of mitosis and meiosis different?
Mitosis produces genetically identical cells; meiosis produces genetically different cells.
What happens to the genetic material in cells that do not successfully complete mitosis or meiosis?
If cells fail to properly complete mitosis or meiosis, genetic material may be damaged or unevenly distributed which can then lead to mutations.