Reproduction
Genetically identical offspring is an outcome of ___________________.
What is Binary fission?
The special proteins responsible for initiating changes in a cell.
What are Cyclins?
The term for the early cells of development that are capable of becoming any type of cell.
What is totipotent?
The type of asexual reproduction where the offspring grows from the outer layer of the parent.
What is budding?
Smaller cells are more efficient because . . .
What is as the cells grows larger, the cell has a harder time moving materials in and out of the cell.
This is the first phase of mitosis.
What is Prophase?
This may develop is cell division is an uncontrolled process of growth, replication and division.
What is cancer?
Describe what a multipotent cell is.
Multipotent cells are groups of cells that are not specialized and differentiate when they renew and replace cells in their adult body, like skin and blood cells. These are also known as adult stem cells.
The part of the chromosome that controls the lifespan of the cell.
What are telomeres?
Name 2 advantages of asexual reproduction.
1. Offspring cells are identical to the parent cell. 2. Asexual reproduction is quick and efficient. 3. Lots of offspring are produced. 4. Less energy is required.
The phase where all cell growth and DNA replication occurs.
What is Interphase?
The term for the spreading of cancer from the primary tumor to a secondary location.
What is metastasis?
The term for the hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside known as the inner cell mass and is considered pluripotent.
What is a blastocyst?
Programmed cell death
What is apoptosis?
Which type of reproduction, sexual or asexual, is best suited for organisms that live in a place where environmental conditions are unstable and changing? Why?
Sexual reproduction since genetic diversity gives the species an advantage by being better suited to adapt to a new environment or if the environment changes.
Describe the three phases of interphase.
G1 - Where the cell grows and matures. The cell goes through its normal functions. S Phase - DNA is synthesiszed or replicated. After this phase, there are a total of 92 chromosomes as the original chromosomes have been copied. G2 - The cell prepares for division. Cyclins will help ensure the cell is ready for mitosis.
The phase connected to interphase where a cell may "rest" and not prepare for mitosis.
What is the Go phase?
The term for unspecialized cells that lead to differentiated cells.
What are stem cells?
Describe the role of spindle fibers during cell division.
Spindle fibers grab onto centromeres of a chromosome pair and direct them to the correct locations of the cell for division.
Explain why sexual reproduction can be beneficial to a species' survival but may not be beneficial to an individual organism.
Sexual reproduction is dangerous and risky for most organisms making it less likely that the organism may survive. However, organisms need to be able to adapt to changing environments in order for the species to survive. When offspring are born with slightly different genetics, the variety in mutations and adaptations increases, helping the species as a whole survive if the environment changes.
Describe the 4 phases of mitosis.
Prophase - The nuclear envelope begins to dissipate as the chromosome strands condense together. Centrioles move to either side of the cell, carrying newly formed spindle fibers. Metaphase - Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes at their centromere (center of the duplicated chromosome) and force the chromosomes to line up in the center of the cell. Anaphase - Spindle fibers and centrioles will pull back, splitting and pulling back the chromosomes to either side of the cell. Telophase - The nuclear envelope forms around each set of 46 chromosomes. Spindle fibers dissipate and the cell membrane begins to show signs of being pinched.
Describe the difference between benign and malignant tumors.
Benign tumors are masses of cells that grow uncontrollably for a time but are harmless. Malignant tumors are considered cancerous and will invade and destroy surrounding tissue, absorbing all necessary nutrients, blocking nerve connections, and preventing organs from functioning properly.
Explain the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and found early in development. Adult stem cells are multipotent and found throughout life.
The name of the idea that cells have a definite number of cell divisions before cell death. [Hint: named after the scientist who studied this.]
What is the Hayflick Limit?