Macromolecules
(Pt. 1)
(Pt. 1)
What is the monomer for carbohydrates, and what is the chemical formula of the most common monomer?
Monomer: monosaccarides
Most common monosaccharide: Glucose (C6H12O6)
What are the two main functions of lipids?
1. Energy storage
2. Membrane structure
List 3 of the 5 main functions of cell membranes.
1. Acts as a barrier
2. Serves as a site for biological functions to take place
3. Regulate movement of substance in and out of the cell thru transport proteins
4. Detect external signals thru receptor proteins
5. Provide mechanisms for cell-to-cell contact, adhesion, and communication
Which organelle is responsible for the production of ATP? Describe its structure
Mitochondria
Structure:
- Double membrane, inner and outer
- Cristae
- Matrix
- Intermembrane space
What are the building blocks of proteins and what are the 5 parts of its structure?
Building blocks: amino acids
1. Amino group (NH3)
2. R group
3. Central/alpha carbon
4. Hydrogen
5. Carboxyl group (COO-)
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? Describe its structure.
Building blocks: nucleotides
1. Phosphate group
2. 5 carbon sugar
3. Nitrogenous base
Which organelle is described as the 'brain of the cell'? Describe its structure.
Nucleus - information center of the cell that houses the DNA
Structure:
- Nuclear envelope: 2x membrane
- Nuclear pores: act as a channel to allow for substances to move in and out of the cell
- Nucleolus: where rRNA synthesis takes place
Which organelle is found within all types of cells (eukaryotes and prokaryotes)? Describe its function and its structure.
Ribosomes!
Made of a small and large subunit - is where protein synthesis takes place
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA:
- Uses A, T, C, and G nucleotides
- Uses deoxyribose as its 5 C sugar
- Double stranded
RNA:
- Uses A, U, C, and G nucleotides
- Uses ribose as its 5 C sugar
- Single stranded
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated: consists of only single bonds, resulting in a linear chain, thus having a higher melting point
Unsaturated: consists of at least one double bond, resulting in a kink in the chain, thus having a lower melting point
What is the endomembrane system? Which organelles does it include?
Group of membranes/organelles that produces, processes, and distributes proteins that are meant to go to other organelles, cellular membranes, or secrete from the cell
ER, Golgi, Endosomes, and Lysosomes
What are the functions of the rough ER and small ER? How can you distinguish between them?
Rough ER has ribosomes; smooth ER lacks ribosomes
Rough ER: protein synthesis, where glycosylation initially takes place, folding of polypeptides, removing misfolded proteins, and protein assembly
Smooth ER: cholesterol synthesis, drug detoxification, breakdown of glycogen, and calcium storage
What can go through the phospholipid bilayer? What can't?
Can go through with ease:
- Small, non-polar molecules
- Small, uncharged molecules
Cannot go through, requires more help:
- Ions
- Large, polar molecules
When given the structure of an amino acid, how can you tell if it's polar, non-polar, or charged?
Polar: will contain polar functional groups
(OH, -SH, O)
Non-polar: will contain only hydrocarbons
Charged: will contain a + or - charge on an atom
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?
Modify proteins sent from the rough ER through glycosylation
Package and distribute proteins to their target destination
acts as the amazon of the cellHow does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity at high temperatures? What about low temperatures?
High temps: The insertion of cholesterol within the membrane makes the membrane more rigid, thus making it less fluid
Low temps: the cholesterol also prevents the hydrocarbon tails from packing together too tightly, so that they can be more fluid
Double Jeopardy!
List all of the bonds present in each level of protein structure.
Primary: peptide bonds
Secondary: hydrogen and peptide bonds
Tertiary: ionic, disulfide, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen, and van der waals interactions
Quaternary: ionic, disulfide, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen, and van der waals interactions
Double Jeopardy!
What are some common polysaccharides, what is their function, and in which cell type can they be found?
1. Glycogen: for energy storage, can be found in animal cells (liver and muscle)
2. Starch: for energy storage, can be found in plant cells
3. Cellulose: for structure, can be found in plant cell walls
Describe 3 of the 4 functions of the cytoskeleton.
- Give the cell its shape
- Contribute to the cells organization
- Help with cell movement
- Helps with cell division
What structure is set in place to prevent the lysosome from damaging the cell?
Inside of the lysosome is coated with carbohydrates which protects the membrane and cell from being digested