General Chemistry
What are the three types of subatomic particles and what is their charge?
Proton +
Electron -
Neutron 0
What bond type bonds H2O molecules to eachother?
Hydrogen Bonds!!!
What element is the "skeleton of biological molecules"
Carbon
What are the three parts that make up a nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine/uracil, guanine, cytosine)
Phosphate group
Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
Why do we use agar to isolate bacteria?
Because we can isolate the bacteria and prevent mixing
What is the difference between an ion and an isotope? Give an example of each
Ion: Molecule with a different amount of electrons than protons
Isotope: Molecule with a different amount of neutrons than protons
What is it called when H2O molecules surround an ion in a solution?
A hydration shell
What the definition of a functional group
(Bonus points if you can name all 3 we've been given in lecture, 2x points if you can give me the exact structural formula for each)
A molecular group attached to a hydrocarbon that gives it a chemical property
Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Methyl were given in lecture, but hydroxide and amines are also common
What is the function of nucleic acids?
Store genetic information (DNA)
Providing template for protein synthesis (mRNA)
Transport amino acids to ribosome (tRNA)
Structural molecule that ribosomes are made of (rRNA)
Name the 4 macromolecules and their monomers
Proteins: amino acids
Lipids: fatty acids
Nucleic acids: nucleotides
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides
What are the three types of bonds and what are their definitions?
Hydrogen Bond: bond formed by the slight electrical charge between a hydrogen atom and another polar molecule
Ionic Bond: bond formed by a transfer of an electron
Covalent Bond: bond is formed by a sharing of one or more electrons
What are the differences between water's cohesive and adhesive properties?
Cohesion: the nature of water to stick to itself. Example: surface tension and dew on spiderwebs
Adhesion: the nature of water to stick to other charged or polar surfaces. Example: capillary action and plants drawing water in its roots
What is the difference between a stereoisomer and a structural isomer?
Stereoisomer: same chemical formula, same structure (carbon skeleton)
Structural isomer: same chemical formula, different structure (carbon skeleton)
What type of bond connects adjacent nucleotides in a single strand of a nucleic acid?
Phosphodiester bonds
Why do bacteria produce exoenzymes?
To break down macromolecules into monomers for bacterial use
Explain the difference between an electron shell and an orbital
Water helps living things maintain a relatively constant internal temperature and protects the cells from overheating due to the heat released by chemical reactions. What property of water is responsible for that?
Water's specific heat
Describe the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in detail
A dehydration reaction is the joining of two monomers into a polymer by removing an H2O molecule from it.
A hydrolysis reaction is the breakdown of a polymer into two monomers by adding in an H2O molecule to it.
What are the differences between a ribose and deoxyribose sugar? How can you tell which is which?
A ribose sugar has an extra OH group whereas a deoxyribose sugar only has an extra H group. This is why deoxyribose is named the way it is because deoxy- means "without oxygen"
What is the difference between pipetting accuracy and pipetting precision?
Accuracy is hitting your target
Precision is having your attempts in the same range
Draw a Bohr model of H2O, showing the electrons in the bonds, and name what kind of bonds will be formed
See my notebook
When the Hydrogen Bonds song started playing, Dr. Keller started dancing and didn't stop for the entirety of the song. When he was done, he noticed that his body started sweating to cool him down. What property of water is responsible for him cooling down through sweat?
Water's high heat of vaporization. Since the heat of vaporization is so high, water can draw a lot of heat into itself before turning into a gas state, making it ideal as a cooling mechanism
Describe what the alpha 1-6 linkage is in maltose and how it's formed
Explanation. It is formed through dehydration synthesis.
How is a phosphodiester bond formed?
They are formed through dehydration synthesis by bonding the OH group on the 3 prime carbon of the sugar of one nucleotide to the H on the phosphate group of another nucleotide.
Describe the scientific method
Problem, Conduct Observations, Generate Hypotheses, Generate testable predictions, Experimental test of predictions, either falsification or supported hypothesis and you replicate the tests to figure out of it is supported fully