Basic Information
Who was the first person to view cells under a microscope?
Robert Hooke
List 3 organelles that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have
1. Cell membrane
2. DNA
3. Ribosomes
4. Cytoplasm
What is the function of the mitochondria?
"Powerhouse of the cell" - releases energy from food by making ATP
What is active transport?
The type of transport that moves against the concentration gradient, which requires energy.
What is a solute? What is a solvent?
Solute - the thing being dissolved
Solvent - the thing dissolving the solute
If you wanted to see the organelles of a cell under a microscope, what type of microscope would you use?
Transmission electron microscope
Which of these organelles are membrane bound organelles?
a. mitochondria
b. lysosomes
c. ribosomes
Mitochondria and lysosomes
What purpose do the hydrophobic tails of the cell membrane serve?
They prevent the passage of polar molecules
Endocytosis
What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution? What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?
Hypotonic - the cell expands
Hypertonic - the cell shrinks
Theodor Schwann
List 3 differences between plant and animal cells
Plant cells have chloroplasts, animal cells don't
Plant cells have cell walls, animal cells don't
Animal cells have centrioles, plant cells don't
Animal cells have lysosomes, plant cells don't
Plant cells have a large central vacuole, animal cells don't
What are the four main functions of eukaryotic cells?
1. genetic control
2. manufacturing and distribution of materials
3. energy processing
4. structural support, movement, intracellular communication
How do cells get energy for active transport?
Through cellular respiration, which makes ATP
A cell where the concentration of sugar is 0.25% is placed in a solution with a sugar concentration of 1.25%. Is the solution hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic to the cell, and what will happen to the cell over time?
The solution is hypertonic to the cell, so the cell will shrivel up/shrink.
Why are cells so small?
To maximize their ratio of surface area to volume. If cells are small, they have a higher ratio, which means they can transport nutrients quickly.
Structurally, what is the difference between microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments?
Microtubules - made of globular proteins (tubulins), are straight hollow tubes
Microfilaments - made of globular proteins (actin) are solld rods in a twisted double chain
Intermediate filaments - made of fibrous proteins, in the form of cables
What organelle would you expect to find a lot of in white blood cells, and why?
Lysosomes, because they digest any uneeded material in the cell.
What kind of molecules can pass through the cell membrane through simple diffusion?
Non polar or small polar molecules.
Explain what would happen to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution in detail.
The cell would become turgid.
If the solution is hypotonic to the cell, there is more solute inside of the cell and a higher concentration outside. Water will flow into the cell to reach equilibrium, and the cell will swell up and become turgid, but will not explode because of the cell wall.
List the three parts of cell theory
1. All living organisms are made of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of life
3. All cells are made from preexisting cells
Why is the cell membrane considered both fluid and mosaic?
Fluid - phospholipids and proteins move around
Mosaic - made up of diverse proteins on both sides of the membrane
Explain the process of protein packaging and transportation in the cell.
The nucleus contains the hereditary material that is used to make proteins in the ribosomes, and passes through the endoplasmic reticulum. They are transported by a transport vesicle to the golgi body, where it is packaged. It then leaves the cell through exocytosis.
A white blood cell might use this process to engulf a bacteria
Phagocytosis
Why would you die if you drank an excess of seawater?
There would be a very high concentration of salt outside your cells, making a solution that is hypertonic. In order to maintain equilibrium, water would flow from the inside of the cells to the outside, and your cells would shrivel up and die, which would lead to your death.