Plasma Membrane
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Nucleus
Miscellaneous
100
How will a red blood cell (20% solute) change when placed in a fluid containing 30% solute? What principle does this respect?
The RBC will swell since it is hypotonic to the surrounding fluid, and possibly undergo hemolysis. This is respect to the principle of osmosis.
100
What is involved in synthesizing and/or modification of proteins & other substances, and distribution by vehicle formation
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum
100
What is the function of the plant cell wall and how does it do so?
Plant cell walls have cellulose that offers support and protection
100
Describe the nucleolus and what it produces.
Dark-staining, spherical body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits. It is where rRNA is produced.
100
What are the 4 main components of the Endomembrane System?
-nuclear envelope -Endoplasmic Reticulum -Golgi apparatus -vacuoles
200
How does RME (Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis) work?
Specific molecules/ions lock into integral receptor proteins in the plasma membrane. The proteins then form a coated vesicle to bring the locked molecules/ions into the cell.
200
What are the differences between the rough ER and the smooth ER?
-RER is studded with ribosomes -RER is involved in modifying & transport of proteins -SER is not studded with ribosomes -SER is involved in modifying & transport of lipids
200
What does the plasma membrane look like and what does it do?
-phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins -defines cell boundary -regulates molecule passage into and out of cells
200
What is the function of the nucleus?
-storage of genetic information -involved in synthesis of DNA & RNA
200
Describe the 3 steps for RNA translation.
-Initiation (requires energy) -start codon (AUG) -P (peptide) site, A (amino acid site) site, E (exit) site -Elongation (requires energy) -Termination -stop codon -requires release factor
300
What is the difference between Active, Facilitated, and Passive transport?
-Active transport requires energy, usually to pump against a concentration gradient or to change something -Facilitated transport allows solutes to pass down their concentration gradients one by one (bidirectional) -Passive transport uses diffusion to allow solutes to pass down their concentration gradient
300
Name the structure which shapes the cell and its subcategories
What is the cytoskeleton -subcategories: microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments
300
What are vacuoles and vesicles made of what do they do?
-phospholipid bilayer -membranous sacs of various sizes -storage of substances
300
Describe the nucleoli and it's function
-concentrated area of chromatin, RNA and proteins -formation of RNA
300
If the surface area is inversely proportional to the volume, what happens when an intercellular vacuole merges with the cell membrane?
Both the vacuole and cell membrane are made of a phospholipid bilayer; once the vacuole merges with the cell membrane bilayer, the surface area of the cell increases as the cell volume decreases.
400
What is Cystic Fibrosis caused by?
A faulty channel protein that does not allow enough Chloride ions to pass through, resulting in mucous accumulating in the lungs and making it hard for the patient to breathe.
400
What are the 4 functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
-receiving proteins & lipids -processing -packaging -distribution
400
What are the components of the Mitochondria, and what is its function?
-Components: double membrane, matrix, christae -Function: cellular respiration
400
Which filament supports the nuclear envelope?
What is the Intermediate filaments
400
A protein has just been translated and is now in the ER. What are the next steps in the Endomembrane system?
-primary polypeptide chain from the ribosome enters the ER -undergoes secondary modification -shipped from ER to GA in a vacuole -GA upgrades the secondary protein structure to tertiary or quaternary structure level -GA ships complete protein to the plasma membrane in a vacuole to be secreted
500
Describe the entire Sodium-Potassium pump process.
1) 2 Na+ fit into the 2 slots in the carrier protein 2) A phosphorous molecule detaches from ATP (->ADP) and attaches to the protein, giving it energy to change its shape. 3) the 2 Na+ float out of the cell against their concentration gradient, allowing 3 K+ ions to fit into their 3 slots in the protein. 4) The phosphorous molecule detaches from the protein, allowing the protein to relax and revert back to its original shape. 5) The 3 K+ ions float out against their concentration gradient into the cell, allowing the cycle to repeat.
500
What does the Peroxisome break down and what are the products?
-breaks down molecules (foreign or otherwise) by using specific enzymes -product: hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) -H2O2 is further broken down into H2O + O2
500
How can the chloroplast survive independently outside of cells?
Chloroplasts contain their own DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. With these components, they can produce their own proteins (trancribed/translated from DNA) and energy within a habitable environment outside of a cell.
500
What are the steps to RNA transcription?
-DNA serves as a template 1-RNA polymerase binds to promoter 2-DNA helix opened so complimentary base pairing can occur 3-RNA polymerase joins new RNA nucleotides in a sequence complimentary to that on DNA
500
What are 3 out of the 7 main evidence points supporting the Endosymbiotic Theory?
-mitochondria (mit.) & chloroplast (chlor.) are similar in size & shape to bacteria -both organelles have double membranes (outer -engulfing vesicle, inner -original prokaryote) -mit./chlor. have limited genetic material & divide by splitting -DNA is circular loop, like prokaryotes -mit./chlor. ribosomes resemble those of prokaryotes -mit./chlor. ribosomal base sequence suggest prokaryotic origin
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