Vocabulary
Eukaryotic cells contain DNA in the form of _______________
What are 'chromosomes?' (would also accept 'chromatin')
These cells have the longest life span within the human body
What are 'brain cells/neurons?'
These organelles are not membrane-bound and are found in all cells
What are ribosomes?
These cells are the shortest-lived cell in the human body
What are intestinal lining cells?
Humans have approximately _________ different types of specialized cells
What is '200?'
This structure forms the physical barrier of the nucleus and is made of its own plasma membrane
What is the nuclear envelope?
This is why scientists think that many important organelles and cell structures contain highly-folded plasma membranes
What is 'because this helps increase available surface area while keeping volume the same?'
This organelle contains two centrioles and is referred to as the 'microtubule organizing center'
What is the centrosome?
During the average adult lifetime, a human body will produce approximately _____________________ cells
What is '30 trillion?'
When comparing the two numbers 1) volume and 2) surface area, which one do we want to be larger and which should be smaller?
What is 'in biology, it is best to 1) maximize surface area of a plasma membrane as much as possible and 2) minimize volume where that plasma membrane is located?'
These organelles are found in all eukaryotic cells and contain over 50 digestive enzymes to help break down toxic materials
What are peroxisomes?
This is why scientists believe that cells have stayed so small for millions of years
What is 'because cells have achieved a good balance between surface area and volume?'
This organelle is found in high numbers in animal cells and helps to break down macromolecules, old cell parts, and pathogens:
What are lysosomes?
These human cells do not contain a nucleus or DNA
This structure is made of strong protein fibers and helps hold organelles in place
What is the cytoskeleton?
This is the definition of 'surface area' as defined in class
What is 'the total area of a cell's plasma membrane that is available for exchange with the surrounding environment (i.e., total area available for chemical reactions to occur on)?
This is why scientists think that that they commonly observe highly-folded plasma membranes inside of cells
What is 'because folding of plasma membranes helps to keep the total surface area the same while reducing the volume, which results in a larger SA:V ratio?'
Part of this organelle is always attached to the nucleus: __________________; list its two major functions as discussed in class
What is the 1) endoplasmic reticulum, 2) the rough ER is covered with ribosomes and helps with protein transport and production, and 3) the smooth ER helps the cell build lipids and also break down toxic compounds?
List five types of cells within the human body and briefly describe the job of each cell type
What are 1) skin cells - protection/barrier, 2) brain cells - send electrical impulses, 3) muscle cells - expand and contract, 4) red blood cells - carry oxygen, 5) white blood cells - engulf/destroy bacteria and viruses, 6) intestinal lining cells - absorb water and nutrients, 7) liver cells - break down toxic compounds?
These are four structures that are found in ALL cells
What are 1) unipotent cells (can turn into one category/type of cell), 2) pluripotent cells (can turn into any cell type except placental cells), and 3) totipotent cells (can develop into any type of cell including placental cells)
List all major parts of cell theory as defined in class
What is '1) all cells come from pre-existing cells, 2) all living organisms are made up of at least one cell, and 3) cells are the basic unit of structure and function for all living things?'
What are 1) the nucleolus (builds ribosomes for the cell); 2) the nuclear envelope (plasma membrane that contains the DNA and nucleolus), and 3) chromatin (DNA in its least condensed form)?
These are four characteristics that are specific to prokaryotic cells
What are 1) small/simple, 2) always form unicellular organisms, 3) no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, 4) flagella, pili, protein capsule, 5) DNA in form of plasmids?
These are the three major processes that are improved by small cell size
What are 1) cell communication (smaller cell size = , 2) cell transport (smaller cells = more efficient cell transport), and 3) chemical reactions (more surface area = more space for chemical reactions)?