Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Cells without a nucleus.
Prokaryotic
What word describes the state of balance that all cells strive to maintain?
homeostasis
What is the main molecule that makes up the cell membrane?
Phospholipids
This word describes the movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration. Ex. The essential oils moving around the room
Diffusion
Which type of transport moves substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration (or AGAINST the concentration gradient)?
Active transport
Which organelle has a distinct green color and carries out the process of photosynthesis in plants?
chloroplasts
this word describes a solution that contains the same amount of solute outside the cell as inside the cell
isotonic
Bacteria and archaea are examples of _____.
prokaryotes
A structure within a cell that performs a specific function.
Organelle
What are embedded in the cell membrane to help substances flow into and out of the cell that normally cannot go straight through the phospholipid bilayer?
Channel and carrier proteins / protein pumps
The diffusion of water
osmosis
Which type of transport moves substances from a high concentration to a low concentration?
Who was the first person to see cells through a microscope and call them "cells" because they looked like tiny rooms that would be found in a jail or monastery?
Robert Hooke
This word describes a solution that has a lower concentration of solute outside the cell compared to inside the cell.
hypotonic
Possible answers: plants, animals, protists, fungi
The two organelles that are in a plant cell, but not in an animal cell?
Cell wall and chloroplast
What kind of cells have a cell membrane?
ALL cells!!
The movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of a protein. Does not require energy.
Facilitated diffusion
Sodium ions are pumped into a cell even though the concentration of sodium is higher inside the cell than outside the cell. What kind of transport is this?
Active transport with a protein pump
1. Which organelle synthesizes proteins?
2. Which organelle is the "powerhouse of the cell?"
1. ribosomes
2. mitochondria
This word describes a solution that has a higher concentration of solute outside the cell compared to inside the cell.
To reach a state of balance, water would flow ______ the cell, causing the cell to _____.
hypertonic, out of, shrivel
They both have some kind of genetic material (Ex. DNA), a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are living, so they can respond to stimuli, reproduce, etc.
What are two functions of the large vacuole in plant cells?
1. stores water and sap
2. provides pressure against the cell wall so that the plant can stay upright
What is the model called that describes the cell membrane?
fluid mosaic model
How do small, non-polar molecules like carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of cells?
simple diffusion -- they can cross straight through the membrane
Vesicles transport wastes and other substances out of the cell through this process.
exocytosis
Which process allows undifferentiated cells to change into unique cells with unique functions? (happens in embryos and some adult cells)
cell specialization
This causes the bloodstream to be hypotonic compared to the body's cells, which causes water to flow into the cells so that they swell. Swelling in brain cells can be fatal, as the skull does not offer much room for the cells to expand.
Explain 3 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Possible answers:
1. The DNA in prokaryotic cells is free-floating, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus to store their DNA.
2. Prokaryotic cells are simpler and smaller, while eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex.
3. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.
4. Eukaryotes can be unicellular OR multicellular while prokaryotes are always unicellular.
What are three organelles that are found in BOTH plant and animal cells, and what are their functions?
Possible answers:
1. Mitochondria - "powerhouse of cells"
2. nucleus - contains DNA
3. ribosomes - build proteins
4. cell membrane - regulate what enters and exits the cell; maintains homeostasis
Explain why cholesterol is important to the cell membrane.
It regulates fluidity. Too much will cause the cell membrane to be too rigid, while too little causes the cell membrane to be too fluid.
Glucose moves into the cell with the help of insulin and a transport protein. What kind of transport is this?
facilitated diffusion
Explain what endocytosis is and provide an example of when this would happen.
Endocytosis is a type of active transport where a large substance is pulled into the cell. The cell does this by pinching off its own membrane to create a vesicle around the substance.
Ex. an amoeba eating or a white blood cells breaking down harmful bacteria
What is the purpose of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane?
They help with cell signaling. This is especially important so that the body does not attack its own cells.
A patient in the hospital is severely dehydrated. What kind of solution should be put in their IV bag to help their cells re-hydrate?
A slightly hypotonic solution would help hydrate their cells.