Cell Review
What is the difference between a cell and an organism?
A cell is the smallest functional and structural unit of all living organisms
An organism is any living thing
What molecule is created from two hydrogens and one oxygen?
Water
What happens if the central vacuole loses water?
The cell will wilt and die. The sugars, ions, proteins, waste, and other nutrients will be disappear and the leaf will die as well.
What are alleles?
The different versions of a gene
What does DNA stand for and why is it important for an organism?
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA contains the instructions and codes needed for survival, development, and reproduction.
1. What green pigment do chloroplasts contain?
2. How many outer membranes do chloroplasts have?
3. What is the energy absorbed from chlorophyll used to make?
1. Chlorophyll
2. Two
3. Sugar
What is the difference between an atom and a molecule?
An atom is made up of single neutral particles.
ex. Calcium (Ca), Neon (Ne), Hydrogen (H)
Molecules are neutral particles made up of two or more atoms bonded together.
ex. Nitrogen (N2), Ozone (O3), Glucose (C6,H12,O6)
True or False. In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes are suspended freely throughout the cell.
False.
Define genotype and phenotype
Genotype - The combination of alleles inherited from parent alleles
Phenotype - Observable traits
True or False. Mutations in DNA may be neutral, beneficial, or harmless
True
Name ALL of the parts in a eukaryotic cell.
Golgi Complex, Cytoskeleton, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Cell Membrane.
1. Explain why lipids are scared of water
2. Name 3 lipid foods
1. Oil and water doesn't mix. Oil is a hydrophobic liquid. Oil sits on top of water because it's less dense than the water.
2. Shortening, butter, canola oil, cocoa butter, peanut butter, nuts, corn, olive oil, soy, sunflower oil, etc.
What are the purposes of the cell wall, the cell membrane, and the cytoskeleton in a plant cell?
The cell wall and the cell membrane both protect the cell from any viruses or other bad materials. The cytoskeleton is the network of proven filaments , microtubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges that give shape, structure and organization to the cytoplasm of the plant cell.
What is the difference between a Punnett square and a Pedigree?
A Punnett square is a graphic used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring in a given cross.
A Pedigree traces the occurrence of a trait through generations of a family.
Name at least 5 scientists who contributed to the study of DNA.
Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins, Phoebus Levene, Alfred Hershey, Martha Chase, Friedrich Miescher, etc.
What is the difference between the rough ER and the smooth ER?
The smooth ER does not have ribosomes attached to it. It makes lipids and breaks down toxic materials that could damage the cell.
The rough ER has ribosomes attached to it. It assists in the production, processing, transport of proteins, and in the production of lipids.
How do cells use carbohydrates?
Cells use carbohydrates for a source of energy and for energy storage. Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
True or False. The Golgi Complex's membrane pinches off to form a small bubble (vesicle) and transports products to the ER.
False. The products (lipids and proteins) come from the ER to the Golgi Complex where they are modified to do different jobs.
A Punnett square has crosses of guinea pig offspring with black fur and brown fur.
The allele combinations:
BB, Bb, Bb, bb
What is the percent of offspring with black fur?
75%
1. Where is DNA found in a eukaryotic cell?
2. What does a base, a sugar, and a phosphate group form?
3. Name the opposite bases:
ATTGCATCATGTA
1. In the nucleus
2. A Nucleotide
3.TAACGTAGTACT
What happens if the cytoskeleton in a cell is damaged?
The cytoskeleton is involved in a lot of cell systems. It's involved in cell division and movement. It also forms structures that help the whole organism to moves. So if the cytoskeleton is damaged, the whole cell would die.
How are phospholipids important in a cell?
Phospholipids form much of the cell membrane. The head of a phospholipid is attracted to water. The tail repels the water. Since there is water inside and outside the cell, the phospholipids line up so the heads face the outside of the cell.The tails from both layers face each other, forming the middle of the cell membrane.
1. What process do cells use to break down food?
2. What is the full name of ATP?
3. True or False. Mitochondria have their own DNA
1. Cellular respiration
2. Adenosine triphosphate
3. True
1. Define Homozygous
2. Define Heterozygous
3. True or False. Is a girl with one curly hair allele and one straight hair allele homozygous?
1. Two of the same allele
2. One dominant and one recessive allele (Cc)
3. False
Name Chargaff's rules and explain why they are significant to science
The amount of guanine always equals the amount of cytosine, and the amount of adenine always equals the amount of thymine.
Chargaff's rules are important for scientists to study DNA.