Cell Theory
What are the three main statements that make up the Cell Theory?
1. All living things are made up of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
What are the primary functions of the Nucleus and the Mitochondria?
Nucleus: The control center of the cell; contains DNA/genetic material and the nucleolus.
Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell; converts glucose into ATP energy through cellular respiration.
What is the main difference between Passive Transport and Active Transport regarding energy usage and concentration gradients?
Passive Transport: Requires NO energy; moves molecules from HIGH to LOW concentration (down the gradient).
Active Transport: Requires cellular energy (ATP); moves molecules from LOW to HIGH concentration (against the gradient).
What is the chemical word equation for Photosynthesis, and in which organelle does it take place?
Equation: Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light Energy $\rightarrow$ Glucose + Oxygen
Organelle: Chloroplast
What are the two main phases of the entire Cell Cycle?
Interphase and the Mitotic Phase (Mitosis & Cytokinesis).
Which scientist coined the term "cells" after looking at cork under a microscope, and which scientist was the first to observe living micro-organisms in pond water?
Robert Hooke named cells (cork); Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed living organisms ("animalcules").
List two cell structures found in plant cells that are NOT found in animal cells.
Cell Wall and Chloroplasts (plant cells also feature a single large central vacuole).
Define Diffusion and Osmosis.
Diffusion: The movement of particles/molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until evenly spread out.
Osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
What is the chemical word equation for Cellular Respiration, and what is the primary organelle involved?
Equation: Glucose + Oxygen $\rightarrow$ Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP Energy
Organelle: Mitochondria (starts in cytoplasm with glycolysis)
Name the three sub-stages of Interphase in order and state what major event occurs during the S stage.
Stages: G1 (growth) -> S (DNA replication) -> G2 (preparation for division).
S Stage: The cell replicates (copies) its DNA.
Identify the scientist responsible for each discovery:
Stated that all plants are made of cells.
Stated that all animals are made of cells.
Stated that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
1. Matthias Schleiden
2. Theodor Schwann
3. Rudolf Virchow
What are the main functions of the Chloroplast, the Vacuole, and Ribosomes?
Chloroplast: Captures light energy from the sun to make food (glucose) via photosynthesis.
Vacuole: Stores water, nutrients, and waste materials.
Ribosomes: Synthesize (make) proteins for the cell.
What is Facilitated Diffusion, and does it require the cell to expend energy?
Facilitated diffusion is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane from high to low concentration with the help of transport proteins. It is a type of passive transport, so it does not require energy.
What is Chlorophyll, where is it found inside plant cells, and what key role does it play in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll is the primary green pigment located inside the chloroplasts. It absorbs light energy from the sun, which powers the chemical reactions of photosynthesis.
List the stages of Mitosis in correct sequential order.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis
Place these 5 cell scientists in order from oldest to most recent: Matthias Schleiden, Robert Hooke, Rudolf Virchow, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Theodor Schwann.
Robert Hooke -> Anton van Leeuwenhoek -> Matthias Schleiden -> Theodor Schwann -> Rudolf Virchow
What structure forms the main boundary of the cell membrane, and what component allows specific large or charged molecules to pass through during facilitated diffusion?
The membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. Protein channels (transport proteins) allow specific molecules to pass through without using energy.
Define Hypertonic, Hypotonic, and Isotonic solutions.
Hypertonic: A solution with a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside.
Hypotonic: A solution with a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside.
Isotonic: A solution with an equal concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell.
Do plant cells perform cellular respiration, or is it only done by animal cells? Explain where plants and animals get the glucose needed to perform cellular respiration.
Plants (Producers): Make their own glucose through photosynthesis.
Animals (Consumers): Obtain glucose by eating other organisms.
What is the difference between Mitosis and Cytokinesis?
Mitosis: The division of the cell's nucleus and genetic material.
Cytokinesis: The division of the cell's cytoplasm and organelles, splitting the cell into two distinct daughter cells.
Explain how Virchow's contribution directly built upon and completed the ideas of Schleiden and Schwann.
Schleiden and Schwann proved that all plants and animals (all living things) were made of cells, but Virchow explained where those cells came from—by establishing that all cells arise only from existing cells through cell division.
Compare plant and animal cells across three features: shape, vacuole size, and outer boundaries.
Plant Cells: Rigid/rectangular shape, 1 large central vacuole, surrounded by both a cell wall AND a cell membrane.
Animal Cells: Irregular/flexible shape, multiple small vacuoles, surrounded ONLY by a cell membrane.
If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, which direction will water move, and what happens to the cell? What happens if it is placed in a hypotonic solution?
In a Hypertonic solution: Water moves OUT of the cell $\rightarrow$ the cell shrinks/shrivels.
In a Hypotonic solution: Water moves INTO the cell $\rightarrow$ the cell swells and may burst.
Why are Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration considered complementary ("opposite") processes? Compare their starting materials (reactants) and final products.
They are opposite processes because the products of one become the starting materials (reactants) for the other:
Photosynthesis: Takes in Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Light Energy -> Produces Glucose + Oxygen.
Cellular Respiration: Takes in Glucose + Oxygen -> Produces Carbon Dioxide, Water, and ATP Energy.
What are the four primary purposes/results of cell division for living organisms?
Reproduction: Creating new unicellular organisms.
Growth: Increasing the overall size of a multicellular organism.
Replacement: Replacing old, worn-out cells.
Repair: Healing damaged tissues/injuries.