Cells
What are the two types of microscopes and what advantage does each have?
Compound microscope- can look at live specimens in real time
Light microscope- better resolving power
What is the function of lamins?
Structural support for nuclear envelope
What is the function of ribosomes?
protein synthesis
Animals- lysosomes
Plants- central vacuole
What are the two components of biological membranes?
Phospholipid bilayer and proteins associated with the membrane
How is the genetic material located in the nucleus organized?
DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes
Chromatin= DNA + histones
Explain the structural composition of ribosomes.
Composed of large and small subunits both made of rRNA and proteins
What connects the membranes of a eukaryotic organelle in the endomembrane system?
Vesicles- small membrane structure
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes have DNA in nucleoid, eukaryotes have DNA is nucleus
Only eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells
What processes occur in the nucleolus?
rRNA synthesis, ribosomal subunit assembly
What is the difference between a free and a bound ribosome?
Free- free in cytoplasm
Bound- attached to ER membrane
Where are proteins synthesized by the EMS located?
membrane bound proteins or proteins inside EMS organelles
How do eukaryotic cells offset the effect of having a low surface area to volume ratio?
Membrane bound organelles allow compartmentalization of volume into small bins
What directs the entry and exit of proteins and other molecules into and out of the nucleus?
Short amino acid sequences anywhere along the length of the protein
NLS- entry into nucleus
NES- exit out of nucleus
What is the central dogma of molecular biology and how are ribosomes related to this?
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Ribosomes translate RNA into proteins
What is the cisternal maturation process?
Conveyer belt of cisternae that move from cis to medial to trans
Enzymes (not cargo) are moving from one sac to next
Necessary enzymes are constantly moved to previous sac