Cells & Cell Types
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
What organelle contains DNA and controls most cell activities in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
Put these levels of organization in order from smallest to largest: organ, cell, organ system, tissue.
Correct order: cell → tissue → organ → organ system.
Which body system transports oxygen, nutrients, and wastes around the body?
Circulatory system
What is the purpose of the digestive system? (Use one sentence.)
To break down food into nutrients the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and repair.
Name three structures that all cells (both prokaryotic and eukaryotic) have.
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material (DNA/RNA
Name the structure in plant cells that provides rigidity and is not found in animal cells.
Cell wall (and often central vacuole for support).
What is the main idea of cell differentiation?
Cells activate or deactivate genes to become specialized for specific functions.
Name two organs in the digestive system and one function of the digestive system.
stomach (breaks down food), small intestine (absorbs nutrients). Function: breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.
Name the three main macromolecules used for energy and give a food example for each.
Carbohydrates (e.g., bread/pasta), Proteins (e.g., meat/eggs), Lipids/fats (e.g., oils/avocado).
Define unicellular and multicellular. Give one example of each.
Unicellular: single-celled organism (e.g., amoeba, bacteria). Multicellular: made of many cells working together (e.g., human).
What is the function of mitochondria? Write the name of the process they perform.
Mitochondria produce ATP through cellular respiration or Powerhouseof the Cell
Explain how tissues form an organ, using the heart as an example (name at least two tissue types in the heart).
Heart is an organ made of muscle tissue (cardiac muscle) and connective tissue; muscle tissue contracts to pump blood and connective tissue provides structure.
Explain the relationship between the respiratory and circulatory systems during gas exchange (what happens to oxygen and carbon dioxide?).
Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses across alveoli into blood; red blood cells carry oxygen to body cells; CO2 diffuses from blood into the lungs to be exhaled.
State the chemical equation components for cellular respiration (reactants and products using the terms glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, ATP). Wrap each term in $$ as required.
Reactants: Glucose+ Oxygen. Products: Carbon dioxide+ Water+ ATP. (In symbol form: C6H12O6 + O2 rightarrow CO2 + H2O+ ATP.)
Explain why bacteria are classified as prokaryotes and one way their cells differ from plant cells.
Bacteria lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; plant cells have a nucleus and a cell wall and chloroplasts.
Describe the role of the cell membrane in maintaining homeostasis.
The cell membrane controls what enters/exits the cell, keeping internal conditions stable (homeostasis).
Define homeostasis in one sentence and give one example from the human body.
Homeostasis is maintaining stable internal conditions (example: body temperature regulation).
Identify the gland that secretes insulin and glucagon and state one role of these hormones in blood sugar control.
Pancreas; insulin lowers blood sugar by enabling uptake into cells, glucagon raises blood sugar by converting liver glycogen to glucose.
Explain why fats store more energy per gram than carbohydrates.
Fats have more chemical bonds per gram and are more reduced, so breaking those bonds releases more energy per gram compared to carbohydrates.
Describe how cell differentiation leads to tissues and give one example of a specialized cell and the tissue it helps form.
Differentiation is when cells turn genes on/off to specialize; example: neuron → nervous tissue.
Explain what chromosomes are and how they relate to genes and DNA.
Chromosomes are organized structures of DNA in the nucleus; genes are segments of DNA that code for traits
Describe how structure supports function with a specific example at the cellular or tissue level (for example: alveoli in lungs, or red blood cells).
Alveoli have thin walls and a large surface area to allow fast gas exchange (structure supports function).
Choose two organ systems and describe one way they work together to maintain homeostasis.
Respiratory and circulatory work together—lungs oxygenate blood; circulatory system transports that oxygen to tissues to maintain cellular respiration and homeostasis.
Using calorimetry basics, write the formula to calculate energy released (Energy = ...). Use $$ delimiters around the formula and variables
Energy (J)= mass of water (g) 4.2 (J/g·°C) temperature increase (°C)