Cell Structure and Function
What structures are not found in animal cells?
Cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole.
What type of microscope should be used to view the 3D shape of a virus?
Scanning electron microscope (SEM).
What process allows glucose to pass through the cell membrane?
Facilitated diffusion.
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
All living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
What is cancer?
Uncontrolled cell division caused by mutations in genes regulating the cell cycle.
Which plant cell structure helps maintain its shape despite changes in water pressure?
The cell wall.
Compare a light microscope and a transmission electron microscope regarding magnification and what they can view.
Light microscope: Lower magnification (up to 1,500x), used to view living cells or tissues in color. Transmission electron microscope (TEM): Higher magnification (up to 2,000,000x), used to view internal structures in detail, but only in black and white and with dead specimens.
How is simple diffusion different than active transport?
Simple diffusion: Passive, no energy required, moves substances from high to low concentration. Active transport: Requires energy (ATP), moves substances from low to high concentration.
Why do cells divide?
Growth, repair, and reproduction
What is apoptosis and how does this relate to cancer?
Apoptosis is programmed cell death. Cancer can occur when apoptosis fails, allowing abnormal cells to survive.
Why do plant cells typically have a rectangular shape, while animal cells vary in shape?
Plant cells have a rigid cell wall that maintains their rectangular shape, whereas animal cells lack a cell wall and have flexible membranes.
What microscope would be best to use when studying a cell's movement?
Light microscope, as it allows observation of live cells in motion.
What happens in each part of the interphase?
G1: Cell grows and performs normal functions. S: DNA is replicated. G2: Cell prepares for mitosis by producing necessary organelles and proteins.
What are the products of asexual reproduction?
Genetically identical offspring.
What is metastasis?
The spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
What are the structures found in all cells?
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA.
Why is the transmission electron microscope used for studying internal cell structures instead of a light microscope?
The transmission electron microscope has much higher magnification, allowing detailed internal examination of cells.
What are the correct steps in the cell cycle before mitosis can proceed?
G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), and G2 (preparation for mitosis)
How would a mutation during DNA replication in an intestinal cell undergoing mitosis affect future cells?
The mutation would be passed to only other intestinal somatic cells descended from that parent cell.
What phase of the cell cycle do cancer cells spend the least time in?
Interphase, as cancer cells rapidly divide without performing normal growth or functions.
What organelle would be more abundant in liver cells for detoxification purposes?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
How does the magnification of a scanning electron microscope compare to a light microscope?
A scanning electron microscope has much higher magnification than a light microscope, typically around 10,000x to 100,000x, providing detailed 3D images of the surface.
How would the removal of the cell membrane affect homeostasis?
The cell would lose its ability to regulate the movement of substances in and out, disrupting homeostasis and leading to cell death.
What are the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes: No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, smaller size. Eukaryotes: Have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, larger size.
How would a mutation in the DNA of a cell undergoing mitosis potentially lead to cancer?
The mutation could disrupt the regulation of the cell cycle, leading to uncontrolled cell division and the development of cancer.