But First, Let Me Take a Cellfie
What is the role of Mitochondria?
The powerhouse of the cell. They create energy that the cell can use to power it's organelles.
The cell or plasma membrane is made up of these molecules.
Phospholipids
Describe the net movement of water into or out of a cell placed in an Isotonic solution.
None.
What are the 4 nucleotide bases of DNA?
No Uracil- Uracil is a base in RNA only
What makes rough Endoplasmic Reticulum appear rough?
Ribosomes
What do Ribosomes do?
Ribosomes use RNA to make proteins.
Are cell membranes rigid or fluid in movement?
Fluid
Describe the general rules for Osmosis.
(What moves and what direction does it move in?)
Water moves across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
Which nucleotide bases bind together in DNA?
Which nucleotide bases bind together in RNA?
DNA: G-C and A-T
RNA: G-C and A-U
What form of genetic code do ribosomes use to create strands of joined proteins?
RNA
(Tiebreaker: mRNA or messengerRNA)
What is the role of Lysosomes?
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down large molecules and proteins that the cell no longer needs.
Lysosomes may also break down old worn out organelles and may also break down entire cells if the cell becomes too damaged or old to continue working properly.
Name 2 proteins that span the cell membrane.
Carrier protein, Channel protein, Receptor protein.
Transport protein okay, but cannot list Carrier and Channel as other named protein as Carrier and Channel are both types of Transport proteins.
Describe the difference between active and passive transport.
Active transport requires ATP to power the transport protein that is moving particles across the plasma membrane.
Passive transport requires no ATP, but may or may not use transport proteins to move particles across the plasma membrane.
Amount of Purines = Amount of Pyrimidines
Because Purines (Adenine and Guanine) and always bound to their corresponding Pyrimidines (Thymine and Cytosine) there will always be equal amounts.
What was incorrect about Linus Pauling's model of DNA? (2 things!)
Triple Helix
Nucleotides/Bases were on the outside of the helix strands.
What is the difference between cilia and flagella?
Flagella are typically larger than cilia and move in a rotating/spiral motion.
Why is the arrangement of the phospholipid bilayer important to selective permeability?
The heads of the phospholipids are hydrophilic (water loving), while the tails are hydrophobic (water fearing). When the tails of each layer face each other they create a region that is not permeable to water and water soluble molecules. The cell must then use other methods to allow such molecules to pass through it's membrane. The outside and inside of the cell are both water based environments meaning that the heads point to either the outside or inside of the cell depending on the layer they are in.
Describe the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
What type of transport is each? (Passive or Active)
Simple diffusion refers to the passage of small particles across the plasma membrane without any proteins assisting passage. (Passive transport)
Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins or ion channel proteins that allow larger particles to pass through the membrane. (Passive transport)
Replicate this strand of DNA:
ATG-TTT-GTT-ACT-TGT-GAT-GGC-CTA-AAG-AAT-ACG-GAG-AGA-TAC-AGC-CCC-GGG-CAC-GAG-TGA-TTT
Opposing DNA Strand:
TAC-AAA-CAA-TGA-ACA-CTA-CCG-GAT-TTC-TTA-TGC-CTC-TCT-ATG-TCG-GGG-CCC-GTG-CTC-ACT-AAA
When speaking of the central dogma of DNA, what is started with and what is produced through:
Replication: ______ → ________
Transcription: ______ → ________
and Translation: ______ → ________
Replication: DNA → more DNA
Transcription: DNA → RNA
and Translation: RNA → Protein Strand
List all components that can be found in the Nucleus.
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleolus
DNA/Chromatin
Ribosomes
What is the name of a sphere of single layered phospholipids?
Micelle
Describe the difference between simple diffusion and osmosis.
Diffusion involves the movements of both liquid (solvent) and particles (solute).
Osmosis involves the movement of water/liquid (solvent) across a semipermeable membrane.
Transcribe the strand of DNA below into RNA.
ATG-TTT-GTT-ACT-TGT-GAT-GGC-CTA-AAG-AAT-ACG-GAG-AGA-TAC-AGC-CCC-GGG-CAC-GAG-TGA-TTT
Then translate RNA codons into their animo acid proteins using the chart provided. Name proteins by their single letter code in the chart and separate them by a single dash. Write STOP for stop codons.
RNA: AUG-UUU-GUU-ACU-UGU-GAU-GGC-CUA-AAG-AAU-ACG-GAG-AGA-UAC-AGC-CCC-GGG-CAC-GAG-UGA-UUU
Protein: M-F-V-T-C-D-G-L-K-N-T-E-R-Y-S-P-G-H-E-STOP
List the steps and locations of protein synthesis and export in a cell.
1. Proteins are assembled by ribosomes in the Rough ER
2. Vesicles transport proteins to the Golgi Apparatus
3. The Golgi Apparatus modifies proteins and packages in new vesicles meant for their final destination.
4. Proteins in the vesicles exit the cell via exocytosis.